scholarly journals Potential of Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems Applicable to India

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitesh Arora ◽  
Anuj Yadav ◽  
Devendra Saroj
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Technology Selection ◽  
Waste Stabilisation Ponds ◽  
Decentralized Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
Technology Ranking

Appropriate sanitation facilities are still a challenge in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. With regard to almost 950 million people defecating in the open, the question arises whether the existing treatment facilities are sufficient to provide for a healthy sanitation in the world. This paper mainly emphasizes on developing countries (particularly, India) where cost is generally a very important parameter of judgment for choosing the appropriate system. This makes decentralized treatment systems much more suitable for installation as they are easier to build and operate, both financially and technically. This paper includes basic differences and fundamental explanations about the processes involved in different decentralized treatment systems and their comparison on the basis of installation cost carried out by using a technology ranking method. It is concluded that waste stabilisation ponds would be most cost effective solution from capital investment point of view. However, Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) should be carried out for appropriate technology selection in different scenarios on the basis of different criteria. New developments in sanitation technologies can play an important role in selecting appropriate sanitation technology for a particular scenario.

scholarly journals Loss of work productivity in a warming world: Differences between developed and developing countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Yu ◽  
Zhongwei Yan ◽  
Jiangjiang Xia ◽  
Alcide Zhao ◽  
Anzhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The World ◽  
Warming World

<p>Comparable estimates of the heat-related work productivity loss (WPL) in different countries over the world are difficult partly due to the lack of exact measures and comparable data for different counties. In this study, we analysed 4363 responses to a global online survey on the WPL during heat waves in 2016. The participants were from both developed and developing countries, facilitating estimates of the heat-related WPL across the world for the year. The heat-related WPL for each country involved was then deduced for increases of 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 °C in the global mean surface temperature under the representative concentration pathway scenarios in climate models. The average heat-related WPL in 2016 was 6.6 days for developing countries and 3.5 days for developed countries. The estimated heat-related WPL was negatively correlated with the gross domestic product per capita. When global surface temperatures increased by 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 °C, the corresponding WPL was 9 (19), 12 (31), 22 (61) and 33 (94) days for developed (developing) countries, quantifying how developing countries are more vulnerable to climate change from a particular point of view. Moreover, the heat-related WPL was unevenly distributed among developing countries. In a 2°C-warmer world, the heat-related WPL would be more than two months in Southeast Asia, the most influenced region. The results are considerable for developing strategy of adaptation especially for developing countries.</p>

scholarly journals Belt and Road Initiative: Interim Results and Challenges During Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
N. Pyzhikov ◽  
E. Gushchin
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Foreign Debt ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road

The article analyses the current status of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), its key achievements and challenges, including those related to the COVID 19 pandemic. In the 2010s China has become one of world’s largest investors and BRI is one of the most important tools of Chinese investment policy. Due to its flexible structure, BRI has been able to adjust and develop in the context of the U.S. – China trade war and the growing anti-Chinese sentiment in the world that included the concerns over so called China’s debt diplomacy. But this lack of rigidity is also a challenge to those who study BRI because there is no official list of projects (estimations vary between 118 and 374) and countries participating in BRI (up to 138). China’s key BRI partner is Pakistan. The total value of projects implemented by China in Pakistan as part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor was initially estimated at $46 billion but now exceeds $70 billion (new projects were signed even during the pandemic). BRI is increasing the number of its participants. In March 2019 Italy became the first G7 country to sign a BRI MoU with China. While implementing BRI China has faced such challenges as rising concerns of “China’s debt trap”, as well as ecological and political issues. In 2020 BRI is facing a new challenge with the COVID-19 pandemic. Some BRI projects were postponed because of the pandemic, but in some cases they were unaffected. There are 64 out of 138 countries participating in BRI that come from low and lower-middle income groups according to the World Bank classification. Their average ratio of foreign debt to GDP was 54% in 2018–2019. It is most likely that these countries will be hit hard by the coronacrisis. Thus the pandemic will encourage China to tighten the selection process for BRI projects with a focus on the most strategically important and cost effective ones. From the point of view of China’s BRI partners, the effect can be two-fold: the most unstable economies will increase their dependence on China, while with the economically strong countries China will be more willing to make concessions and offer more favorable conditions for cooperation.

Implementing BioSand Filters in Rural Honduras

2013 ◽  
pp. 468-496
Author(s):  
Jacob Z. Morris ◽  
Ken D. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Similar System ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
The World

Access to clean water for drinking and sanitation is an urgent issue that the world is facing. According to the United Nations (UN), approximately one billion people live in extreme poverty, and almost 2.6 billion people live without the basics of adequate sanitation. Over the past two decades, the BioSand Filter has proven to be an effective and efficient point-of-use device to purify water to a potable level in developing countries. The success of this device is due to its simplicity, use of appropriate technology, and sustainability. This chapter discusses a case study of His Hands Mission International’s work installing these filters in the villages of rural Honduras. It focuses on the implementation, adoption, diffusion, and impacts of these filters, providing insight to the system’s factors of success. These factors provide information that can be utilized to improve the chances for success of similar system implementations around the world.

Kernel Methods in Chemoinformatics

2011 ◽  
pp. 664-668
Author(s):  
Huma Lodhi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Drug Design ◽  
Kernel Methods ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Activity Relationship ◽  
World Population ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Drugs

Millions of people are suffering from fatal diseases such as cancer, AIDS, and many other bacterial and viral illnesses. The key issue is now how to design lifesaving and cost-effective drugs so that the diseases can be cured and prevented. It would also enable the provision of medicines in developing countries, where approximately 80% of the world population lives. Drug design is a discipline of extreme importance in chemoinformatics. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) and quantitative SAR (QSAR) are key drug discovery tasks.

Impact of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) Phase-Out on the Garment Workers of the World

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Lalit Mohan Kathuria
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Garment Workers ◽  
The World ◽  
Textiles And Clothing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
North And South ◽  
Conditions Of Work

“The Multi-Fibre arrangement (MFA) dealing with international trade in clothing and textiles, is being phased out to be in line with WTO rules. This phase out is being seen as favouring developing countries and only criticism focuses on the European countries and USA who are holding up the process. However, if we look at from the point of view of workers rather than countries, a different picture emerges. For workers East and West, North and South this means constant insecurity and deteriorating conditions of work. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) could thus become another mechanism through which companies are able to use the agenda of trade at the cost of workers.”

The Good Megadam

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thayer Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Global Political Economy ◽  
International Support ◽  
The World ◽  
To Receive

Megadams are a key component of a destructive yet still dominant global political economy that continues to receive national and international support, but they are not cost effective from either an economic or financial point of view. They are also environmentally destructive—not just of free-flowing rivers, but also of the world as a global ecosystem. For more than half a billion project-affected people, megadams also create development-induced new poverty.

scholarly journals 2.H. Workshop: Vaccination challenges in developed & developing countries: where does the responsibility lie?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Position Paper ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
World Federation ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
The World

Abstract The world is facing multiple health challenges, among those the outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and the rise of anti-vaccination groups. Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways of avoiding disease; it currently prevents 2-3 million deaths a year and a further 1.5 million could be avoided if global coverage is improved. Moreover, global immunization will contribute towards achieving broader global health goals under the UHC and SDG initiatives. Barriers to immunization may vary according to the country and specific context ranging from hesitancy, inappropriate communication, lack of resources, access, individual belief, management of adverse events following immunization etc. Vaccine hesitancy threatens to reverse progress made in tackling vaccine-preventable diseases and is listed by WHO in the 10 threats to global health in 2019. Access to vaccinations is sometimes difficult especially in rural areas affecting most vulnerable populations. Immunization history is not always well managed thus affecting the proper vaccination for all ages. Immunization is one of the best uses of limited public funds for health; however, financing for immunizations are often not covering in a sustainable matter the needs. The World Federation of Public Health Associations has developed a high-level “International Immunization Policy Taskforce” on vaccination policies to engage with public health associations, international organizations and like-minded partners to sustain the development, adoption and implementations of key vaccination policies at country level. The taskforce has developed a position paper that will be launched during the workshop to debate about role and responsibilities as well effective approaches to be applied both in developed and developing. The position paper has its roots in vaccination as human right and as a key component of UHC and SGD initiatives. Global immunization is crucial for every individual and the broader community to prevent diseases, promote health and wellbeing and protect the global population as highlighted in WFPHA Global Charter for the Public's Health. Key experts from different parts of the world will discuss strategies and synergies to create a global coordinated advocacy movement to foster engagement for equitable and effective global immunisation by governments and society at large. Key messages Vaccination challenges may vary from developed & developing countries. Responsibility for immunization uptake lies at different levels. Analyses, advocacy, action are key to prevent & face epidemics. Vaccination is not a personal choice rather a political choice. A strong advocacy movement by PHW is key to guarantee the best equitable and sustainable immunization worldwide.

A Critical Analysis of Conditionalities in the Generalized System of Preferences

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 98-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
PALLAVI KISHORE
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Bank ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Generalized System Of Preferences ◽  
The World

AbstractThis article examines conditionalities in the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in light of the European Communities – Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries (EC – Tariff Preferences) case at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The article largely undertakes this examination from the point of view of developing countries. It mainly examines the issue of discrimination in conditionalities since this was the principal question raised in the EC – Tariff Preferences case and makes suggestions regarding the regulation of conditionalities. In doing so, the article follows two trajectories: first, it makes suggestions for the WTO panels and Appellate Body, and, second, it makes suggestions for GSP donors, by analyzing the new European GSP + Scheme and by drawing inspiration from conditionalities in the loans granted by the World Bank.

World Bank Directives, Domestic Interests, and the Politics of Human Capital Investment in Latin America

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
WENDY HUNTER ◽  
DAVID S. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Recent studies underscore the importance of international organizations in transmitting norms, ideas, and values to developing countries. But has this diffusion influenced government policy in less developed countries? During the past two decades, the World Bank has emphasized the need for Third World governments to increase the stock of human capital by investing in education and health. Specifically, it has encouraged developing countries to shift an increasing share of their resources toward primary education. The authors examine 13 Latin American countries between 1980 and 1992 to establish the relationship between World Bank project lending and government investment in human capital. They combine time-series cross-sectional analysis with field research to evaluate the World Bank's influence on government spending on education and health. Although the World Bank may be successful in convincing developing country technocrats to “invest in people,” this research suggests that it is less successful in convincing the politicians who control the purse strings.

scholarly journals MONITORING SDG 9 WITH GLOBAL OPEN DATA AND OPEN SOFTWARE – A CASE STUDY FROM RURAL TANZANIA

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W13 ◽  
pp. 1551-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Ilie ◽  
M. A. Brovelli ◽  
S. Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Training Material ◽  
Educational Challenges ◽  
The World

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The 17 goals adopted by the United Nations (UN) are aimed at achieving a better and more sustainable future for all. For each goal, a set of indicators has been defined. The indicators measure progress towards achieving the respective SDG. For the majority of these indicators, geospatial information is needed to evaluate the current state of the indicator. While geospatial information is largely available in developed countries, this is not the case in many developing countries of the world. Furthermore, skills and capacity for calculating indicator values are also limited in many developing countries. To address these shortcomings, the third challenge of the 2018 UN OSGeo Committee Educational Challenges called for the development of training material for using open source software together with freely available high resolution global geospatial datasets in support of monitoring SDG progress. The resulting training material provides a step-by-step guide for calculating the state of SDG indicator 9.1.1, <i>Proportion of the rural population who live within 2km of an all-season road</i>, using open software and open data with global coverage. Through the development of this training material, we showed that anyone can monitor progress towards achieving SDG indicator 9.1.1 for their specific part of the world. Because open source software and open data were used, the indicator calculation is cost effective and completely sustainable.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document