scholarly journals Reflex activities of the upper airway muscles during experimental nasal occlusion in anesthetized dogs.

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu KAMINUMA ◽  
Hirokazu TSUBONE ◽  
Job Manaet MATIAS ◽  
Ryohei NISHIMURA ◽  
Shigeru SUGANO
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles

Bronchoconstriction: upper airway dilating muscle and diaphragm activity

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1837-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Haxhiu ◽  
E. C. Deal ◽  
W. B. Van de Graaff ◽  
E. Van Lunteren ◽  
J. A. Salamone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Pulmonary Resistance ◽  
Cervical Vagotomy ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Diaphragm Activity

The effect of bronchoconstriction on the activity of the diaphragm and the upper dilating airway muscles were studied by administering graded doses of methacholine to anesthetized dogs spontaneously breathing oxygen. The electrical activity of the genioglossus, posterior cricoarytenoid, and alae nasi was compared with that of the diaphragm at different levels of pulmonary resistance. Induced bronchoconstriction was associated with increases in the electrical activity of all muscles examined. Bilateral cervical vagotomy diminished but did not prevent the bronchoconstrictor effects of methacholine. When greater concentrations of methacholine were administered to produce bronchoconstriction comparable with that produced prevagotomy, both genioglossus and diaphragm activity increased. This study indicates that the upper airway muscles and the diaphragm respond to bronchoconstriction. The activation of the upper airway muscles with bronchoconstriction may decrease upper airway resistance serving to partially offset increases in pulmonary resistance and to modulate airflow patterns during bronchoconstriction.

Effect of Chemoreceptor and Pulmonary Receptor Stimulation on Dilator Nares EMG Activity in the Dog

1983 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 648-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Blum ◽  
Thomas V. McCaffrey
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Receptor Stimulation ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pulmonary Stretch Receptor ◽  
Stimulation Of

To define the relationship between central control of upper airway muscles and respiratory muscle function, the electromyographic responses of the dilator nares muscles to stimulation of chemoreceptors and pulmonary receptors were studied in six anesthetized dogs. Only at maximal levels of hypoxia was the inspiratory activity of the dilator nares significantly increased. Hypercapnic stimulation increased the inspiratory activity with each incremental increase in CO2. Pulmonary stretch receptor stimulation produced by lung inflation inhibited dilator nares activity. Pulmonary irritant receptor stimulation by intravenously administered histamine increased dilator nares activity, as did pulmonary J receptor stimulation by the intravenous administration of capsaicin.

Neurostimulation for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Investigations

1993 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Fairbanks ◽  
David N.F. Fairbanks
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Airway Obstructions ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles ◽  
Accessory Muscles

Neurostimulation of the upper airway muscles (accessory muscles of respiration) was accomplished in anesthetized dogs and sleeping humans by electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerves. Such stimulations relieved partial airway obstructions in dogs. They also aborted (shortened) obstructive sleep apnea events in humans who suffer with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In one subject, stimulations delivered in advance of apneic events (by automatic cycling) prevented apneas. Neurostimulation for obstructive sleep apnea may be an important concept for future research and development.

Pressure-volume behavior of the upper airway

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 912-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Fouke ◽  
J. P. Teeter ◽  
K. P. Strohl
Keyword(s):  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Volume Relationship ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Cervical Trachea ◽  
Force Volume ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles ◽  
The Relationship

The study was performed to investigate the relationship between force generation and upper airway expansion during respiratory efforts by upper airway muscles. In 11 anesthetized dogs we isolated the upper airway (nasal, oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal regions) by transecting the cervical trachea and sealing the nasal and oral openings. During spontaneous respiratory efforts the pressure within the sealed upper airway, used as an index of dilating force, decreased during inspiration. On alternate breaths the upper airway was opened to a pneumotachograph, and an increase in volume occurred, also during inspiration. Progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia produced by rebreathing increased the magnitude of change in pressure and volume. At any level of drive, peak pressure or volume occurred at the same point during inspiration. At any level of drive, volume and pressure changes increased with end-expiratory occlusion of the trachea. The force-volume relationship determined from measurements during rebreathing was compared with pressure-volume curves performed by passive inflation of the airway while the animal was apneic. The relationship during apnea was 1.06 +/- 0.55 (SD) ml/cmH2O, while the force-volume relationship from rebreathing trials was -1.09 +/- 0.45 ml/cmH2O. We conclude that there is a correspondence between force production and volume expansion in the upper airway during active respiratory efforts.

Motor responses to positive-pressure breathing in the developing opossum

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1489-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Farber
Keyword(s):  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Upper Airway Resistance ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles

The suckling opossum exhibits an expiration-phased discharge in abdominal muscles during positive-pressure breathing (PPB); the response becomes apparent, however, only after the 3rd-5th wk of postnatal life. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the early lack of activation represented a deficiency of segmental outflow to abdominal muscles or whether comparable effects were observed in cranial outflows to muscles of the upper airways due to immaturity of afferent and/or supraspinal pathways. Anesthetized suckling opossums between 15 and 50 days of age were exposed to PPB; electromyogram (EMG) responses in diaphragm and abdominal muscles were measured, along with EMG of larynx dilator muscles and/or upper airway resistance. In animals older than approximately 30 days of age, the onset of PPB was associated with a prolonged expiration-phased EMG activation of larynx dilator muscles and/or decreased upper airway resistance, along with expiratory recruitment of the abdominal muscle EMG. These effects persisted as long as the load was maintained. Younger animals showed only those responses related to the upper airway; in fact, activation of upper airway muscles during PPB could be associated with suppression of the abdominal motor outflow. After unilateral vagotomy, abdominal and upper airway motor responses to PPB were reduced. The balance between PPB-induced excitatory and inhibitory or disfacilitory influences from the supraspinal level on abdominal motoneurons and/or spinal processing of information from higher centers may shift toward net excitation as the opossum matures.

scholarly journals Histochemical properties of upper airway muscles: comparison of dilator and nondilator muscles

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 990-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bracher ◽  
R. Coleman ◽  
R. Schnall ◽  
A. Oliven
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Causes, and Consequences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane C Lim ◽  
Richard J Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles ◽  
Underlying Diseases

As part one of the three chapters on sleep-disordered breathing, this chapter reviews obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) epidemiology, causes, and consequences. When comparing OSA prevalence between 1988 to 1994 and 2007 to 2010, we observe that OSA is rapidly on the rise, paralleling increasing rates in obesity. Global epidemiologic studies indicate that there are differences specific to ethnicity with Asians presenting with OSA at a lower body mass index than Caucasians. We have learned that structural and physiologic factors increase the risk of OSA and both can be influenced by genetics. Structural risk factors include craniofacial bony restriction, changes in fat distribution, and the size of the upper airway muscles. Physiologic risk factors include airway collapsibility, loop gain, pharyngeal muscle responsiveness, and arousal threshold. The consequences of OSA include daytime sleepiness and exacerbation of many underlying diseases. OSA has been associated with cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and other cardiac arrhythmias; pulmonary hypertension; metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome; mild cognitive impairment or dementia; and cancer. This review contains 4 figures, 1 table and 48 references. Key Words: cardiac consequences, craniofacial bony restriction, epidemiology, fat distribution, metabolic disease, neurodegeneration, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea

Respiratory muscle responses to changes in chemoreceptor drive in infants

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1041-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Carlo ◽  
J. M. DiFiore
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Obstructive Apnea ◽  
Surface Electrodes ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles ◽  
Muscle Responses

Upper airway muscles and the diaphragm may have different quantitative responses to chemoreceptor stimulation. To compare the respiratory muscle responses to changes in CO2, 10 ventilator-dependent preterm infants (gestational age 28 +/- 1 wk, postnatal age 40 +/- 6 days, weight 1.4 +/- 0.1 kg) were passively hyperventilated to apnea and subsequently hypoventilated. Electromyograms from the genioglossus, alae nasi, posterior cricoarytenoid, and diaphragm were recorded from surface electrodes. Apneic CO2 thresholds of all upper airway muscles (genioglossus 46.8 +/- 4.3 Torr, alae nasi 42.4 +/- 3.6 Torr, posterior cricoarytenoid 41.6 +/- 3.2 Torr) were higher than those of the diaphragm (38.8 +/- 2.6 Torr, all P less than 0.05). Above their CO2 threshold levels, responses of all upper airway muscles appeared proportional to those of the diaphragm. We conclude that nonproportional responses of the respiratory muscles to hypercapnia may be the result of differences in their CO2 threshold. These differences in CO2 threshold may cause imbalance in respiratory muscle activation with changes in chemical drive, leading to upper airway instability and obstructive apnea.

Effect of Salicylate on Upper Airway Dilating Muscles in Anesthetized Dogs

1989 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Oliven ◽  
Majed Odeh ◽  
Noam Gavriely
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs
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