scholarly journals Sources and Risk Factors for Nitrate and Microbial Contamination of Private Household Wells in the Fractured Dolomite Aquifer of Northeastern Wisconsin

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 067004
Author(s):  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Joel P. Stokdyk ◽  
Burney A. Kieke ◽  
Maureen A. Muldoon ◽  
Susan K. Spencer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Private Household

Overview of Microbial Contamination of Foods and Associated Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-29
Author(s):  
Farrhin Nowshad ◽  
Nadira Mustari ◽  
Mohidus Samad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Risk Factors for Microbial Contamination in Fruits and Vegetables at the Preharvest Level: A Systematic Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 2055-2081 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGSHIN PARK ◽  
BARBARA SZONYI ◽  
RAJU GAUTAM ◽  
KENDRA NIGHTINGALE ◽  
JUAN ANCISO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Produce Contamination ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of risk factors for contamination of fruits and vegetables with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 at the preharvest level. Relevant studies were identified by searching six electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CAB Abstracts, AGRIS, AGRICOLA, and FSTA, using the following thesaurus terms: L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, E. coli O157 AND fruit, vegetable. All search terms were exploded to find all related subheadings. To be eligible, studies had to be prospective controlled trials or observational studies at the preharvest level and had to show clear and sufficient information on the process in which the produce was contaminated. Of the 3,463 citations identified, 68 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Most of these studies were on leafy greens and tomatoes. Six studies assessed produce contamination with respect to animal host-related risk factors, and 20 studies assessed contamination with respect to pathogen characteristics. Sixty-two studies assessed the association between produce contamination and factors related to produce, water, and soil, as well as local ecological conditions of the production location. While evaluations of many risk factors for preharvest-level produce contamination have been reported, the quality assessment of the reviewed studies confirmed the existence of solid evidence for only some of them, including growing produce on clay-type soil, the application of contaminated or non–pH-stabilized manure, and the use of spray irrigation with contaminated water, with a particular risk of contamination on the lower leaf surface. In conclusion, synthesis of the reviewed studies suggests that reducing microbial contamination of irrigation water and soil are the most effective targets for the prevention and control of produce contamination. Furthermore, this review provides an inventory of the evaluated risk factors, including those requiring more research.

Microbial contamination and environmental factors of drinking water source for households with children under five years old in two South China ethnic groups

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1514-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Fang Long ◽  
Spencer Lloyd ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Qiao Li ◽  
HaiRong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Under Five

The article aimed to find the causes of microbial contamination of drinking water source, by exploring the influencing factors of water on the incidence of diarrhea in children. Random stratified-cluster sampling was used to study Li and Han communities of rural Lingshui County with regard to water quality and environmental sanitation. Water samples were evaluated for microbial contamination using National Standard of the People's Republic of China and World Health Organization drinking water standards. Data were compared between ethnic groups. Li communities had more contamination than Han. The correlation between the frequency of diarrhea among children and the presence of microorganisms in the water was positive, for both total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Regression analysis showed the substandard risk factors of total coliforms for source water were type of water supply (OR = 3.508) and garbage disposal methods (OR = 2.430). For E. coli, risk factors included the source of water supply (OR = 2.417); depth of wells (OR = 0.536) and distance of wells from the cesspit (OR = 0.723). The content of bacterium in drinking water source was high in the rural county. Water from open wells had higher contamination rates than water from centralized systems and tube-well sources. Improvement of water supply and environmental hygiene would decrease diarrheal diseases among children under five.

Risk factors for particulate and microbial contamination of air in operating theatres

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Scaltriti ◽  
S. Cencetti ◽  
S. Rovesti ◽  
I. Marchesi ◽  
A. Bargellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Operating Theatres

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Bacterial Contamination of Bovine Meat during Slaughter in Ten Indonesian Abattoirs

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diyantoro ◽  
Dhandy Koesoemo Wardhana
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
Beef Meat ◽  
Total Plate Count

Provision of beef meat which does not exceed the maximum microbial contamination limit is expected to meet the requirements to obtain safe, healthy, wholesome, and halal beef. Bacterial contamination during slaughtering process is a safety problem and concern for shelf life in meat production. This study was designed to determine the value of microbial contamination and its risk factors at the stage of the slaughtering process in the abattoirs. This research was conducted by visual observation accompanied by questionnaires and laboratory examination for bacterial contamination testing. The results showed the factor that significantly affected the total plate count (TPC) was carcass cutting (mean: 0.46 × 106 CFU/g; p=0.035) which was not carried out by the abattoir. The factor that had the greatest effect on the MPN of Escherichia coli was blood removal on the floor position (mean: 40.34 × 106 CFU/g; p=0.039) while the factors that significantly affected Staphylococcus aureus contamination were blood removal on the floor position (mean: 52.88 × 106 CFU/g; p=0.025) and carcass cutting which were not carried out by the abattoir (mean: 66.42 × 106 CFU/g; p=0.015).

Microbiological Quality and Risk Factors Related to Sandwiches Served in Bakeries, Cafés, and Sandwich Bars in South Korea

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
HONG GEUN JANG ◽  
NAM HEE KIM ◽  
YOUNG MIN CHOI ◽  
MIN SUK RHEE
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Holding Temperature

The objective of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of sandwiches produced on site and served in bakeries, cafés, and sandwich bars in South Korea and to determine the major risk factors affecting the sanitation level in each store (n = 1,120). The microbiological quality of the sandwiches was analyzed, and the sanitation level of each store was evaluated as satisfactory or unsatisfactory based on sanitation guidelines. Total coliforms were detected in 906 samples (80.9%), but only 3 samples (0.3%) contained confirmed Escherichia coli contamination. The detection rate was highest for Bacillus cereus (10.0%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (1.3%) and Salmonella (0.2%). Vibrio parahaemolyticus was not detected in any samples. The microbial contamination level was significantly lower in winter (P < 0.05) and in stores with a higher sanitation grade. Factors related to the microbiological quality of sandwiches were evaluated as the relative risk (RR) of coliform contamination, and the higher risk factors for sandwich contamination were improper holding temperature (RR = 8.75), cross-contamination (RR = 6.30), lack of proper ventilation systems (RR = 6.16), and the absence of clean and/or suitable outer garments (RR = 5.73). Most factors were related to the failure of food handlers to adhere to sanitation guidelines rather than to unsanitary environments. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the microbiological quality of sandwiches served on-site and various risk factors. These results will help researchers establish guidelines for the sanitary management of sandwich shops.

Risk factors for microbial contamination of peripheral blood stem cell products

Transfusion ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayhan Donmez ◽  
Sohret Aydemir ◽  
Bahar Arik ◽  
Alper Tunger ◽  
Feriha Cilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell ◽  
Blood Stem Cell

scholarly journals Prehospital infection control and prevention in Denmark: A nationwide cross-sectional study on guideline adherence and microbial contamination of surfaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Heidi Storm Vikke
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Guideline Adherence ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Infection Control And Prevention

Background: Prehospital acute care and treatment have become more complex, and while invasive procedures are standard procedures, focus on infection control and prevention is scarce. We aimed to evaluate guideline adherence, microbial contamination, and associated risk factors. Methods: In a nationwide cross-sectional study, we evaluated guideline adherence to thorough cleaning (TC) once a day, and moderate cleaning (MC) in-between patient courses. Microbial contamination on hand-touch sites (HTS) and provider-related sites (PRS) was assessed by total aerobic colony forming units (CFU) and presence of selected pathogens, using swab and agar imprints. Also, microbial contamination was assessed in relation to potential risk factors. Results: 80 ambulances and coherent EMS providers were enrolled. Adherence to guidelines regarding TC was 35%, but regarding MC it was 100%. In total, 129 (27%) of 480 HTS presented a total CFU > 2.5/cm2 and/or pathogenic growth, indicating hygiene failures. The prevalence of selected pathogens on HTS was: S. aureus 7%; Enterococcus 3% and Enterobacteriaceae 1%. Total CFU on the PRS ranged from 0-250/cm2, and the prevalence of pathogens was 18% (S. aureus 15%, Enterococcus 3% and Enterobacteriaceae 0.3%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was found in one sample, and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in two. No Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were recorded. Conclusion: Guideline adherence was suboptimal, and many HTS did not comply fully with proposed standards for cleanliness. Pathogens were demonstrated on both HTS and PRS, indicating that the EMS may be a source of infection in hospitalized patients. Moreover, cleaning effort and time appears associated with microbial contamination, but a comprehensive investigation of risk factors is needed.

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