scholarly journals Invited Perspective: Ambient Air Pollution and SARS-CoV-2: Research Challenges and Public Health Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Hansell ◽  
Paul J. Villeneuve
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Research Challenges

scholarly journals The Effects of Urban Form on Ambient Air Pollution and Public Health Risk: A Case Study in Raleigh, North Carolina

Risk Analysis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 901-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore J. Mansfield ◽  
Daniel A. Rodriguez ◽  
Joseph Huegy ◽  
Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Public Health Risk

scholarly journals Dietary antioxidants and environmental stress

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Antioxidant Defences ◽  
The 1960S

Air is one of our most important natural resources; however, it is also in the front line for receiving environmental pollution. Air quality decreased markedly following the industrial revolution, but it was not until the great London Smog in 1952 that air quality made it onto the political agenda. The introduction of the Clean Air Act in 1956 led to dramatic decreases in black smoke and SO2 concentrations over the next two decades, as domestic and industrial coal-burning activities ceased. However, as these improvements progressed, a new threat to public health was being released into the air in ever-increasing quantities. Rapid motorisation of society from the 1960s onwards has led to the increased release of atmospheric pollutants such as tiny particles (particulate matter of &10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) and oxides of N, and the generation of the secondary pollutant O3. These primary and secondary traffic-related pollutants have all proved to be major risks factors to public health. Recently, oxidative stress has been identified as a unifying feature underlying the toxic actions of these pollutants. Fortunately, the surface of the lung is covered with a thin layer of fluid containing a range of antioxidants that appear to provide the first line of defence against oxidant pollutants. As diet is the only source of antioxidant micronutrients, a plausible link now exists between the sensitivity to air pollution and the quality of the food eaten. However, many questions remain unanswered in relation to inter-individual sensitivity to ambient air pollution, and extent to which this sensitivity is modified by airway antioxidant defences.

scholarly journals Leveraging Existing Cohorts to Study Health Effects of Air Pollution on Cardiometabolic Disorders: India Global Environmental and Occupational Health Hub

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863022091568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagandeep K Walia ◽  
Siddhartha Mandal ◽  
Suganthi Jaganathan ◽  
Lindsay M Jaacks ◽  
Nancy L Sieber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Policy Advocacy ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Pollution Exposure ◽  
Environmental And Occupational Health

Air pollution is a growing public health concern in developing countries and poses a huge epidemiological burden. Despite the growing awareness of ill effects of air pollution, the evidence linking air pollution and health effects is sparse. This requires environmental exposure scientist and public health researchers to work more cohesively to generate evidence on health impacts of air pollution in developing countries for policy advocacy. In the Global Environmental and Occupational Health (GEOHealth) Program, we aim to build exposure assessment model to estimate ambient air pollution exposure at a very fine resolution which can be linked with health outcomes leveraging well-phenotyped cohorts which have information on geolocation of households of study participants. We aim to address how air pollution interacts with meteorological and weather parameters and other aspects of the urban environment, occupational classification, and socioeconomic status, to affect cardiometabolic risk factors and disease outcomes. This will help us generate evidence for cardiovascular health impacts of ambient air pollution in India needed for necessary policy advocacy. The other exploratory aims are to explore mediatory role of the epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation) and vitamin D exposure in determining the association between air pollution exposure and cardiovascular health outcomes. Other components of the GEOHealth program include building capacity and strengthening the skills of public health researchers in India through variety of training programs and international collaborations. This will help generate research capacity to address environmental and occupational health research questions in India. The expertise that we bring together in GEOHealth hub are public health, clinical epidemiology, environmental exposure science, statistical modeling, and policy advocacy.

An evaluation of public health impact of ambient air pollution under various energy scenarios in Shanghai, China

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haidong Kan ◽  
Bingheng Chen ◽  
Changhong Chen ◽  
Qingyan Fu ◽  
Minghua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Public Health Impact

scholarly journals The Effect of Ambient Air Pollution on Severity of COVID19: Hospitalisation and Death

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-16
Author(s):  
Saeed Yari ◽  
Hanns Moshammer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Heart Attacks ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

The advent of a new Corona virus, SARS-CoVi-2, causing COVID-19, which first began in Wuhan, China, and then spread worldwide, has created a global public health crisis [1]. The sudden and far-reaching pandemic has raised many immediate questions. A very important goal of public health is to identify environmental factors that affect the spread and severity of the disease. Air pollution is one of the most well-known causes of long-term inflammation, which ultimately leads to increased immune system hyperactivity [2]. Air pollution is one of the leading causes of death and is estimated to play a role in nearly 5 million premature deaths worldwide in 2017 alone. Numerous scientific studies have linked air pollution to a variety of health concerns, including premature death in patients with heart or lung disease, non-fatal heart attacks, irregular heartbeats, and severe asthma [3].

scholarly journals The Potential for Urban Vegetation to Mitigate Ambient Air Pollution Threats to Public Health

Topophilia ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Sonak Patel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Urban Vegetation ◽  
Global Risk

This paper assesses the threat that ambient air pollution poses to urban public health and the potential role of urban vegetation to mitigate those threats. Air pollution is a major global risk to health, especially in urban areas. In this paper, four major air pollutants were assessed: particulate matter, tropospheric ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. These pollutants were found to have several adverse effects, including increasing mortality and respiratory morbidity. These pollutants come from a variety of sources, but a major contributor in urban areas is the burning of fossil fuels in automobiles. The adverse health effects of pollution are expected to grow as climate change worsens air quality. Research and case studies find that urban vegetation can filter air and remove pollutants through deposition and stomatal uptake. The effectiveness of air pollution removal is dependent upon specific variables, including leaf characteristics, type of vegetation, and seasons. Urban vegetation may worsen air quality in some cases due to slowing ventilation and producing biological volatile organic compounds. While urban vegetation has potential to mitigate ambient air pollution, conducting site specific research is needed when implementing greenspace policies.

scholarly journals Air Quality Studies at Ukrainian Airports

2021 ◽  
Vol vm02 (is01) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
Kateryna Synylo ◽  
Kateryna Ulianova ◽  
Oleksandr Zaporozhets
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
International Regulations

Sustainability of aviation must be provided to limit the harmful influence and protect public health and the environment. As a rule, national and international regulations aim to reduce ambient air pollution from the aviation sector. Ukraine and other countries have historically adopted international regulations concerning air quality to protect public health and the natural environment. Local regulations also regulate it. However, these documents cover mainly stationary emission sources. In contrast, mobile sources, especially aircraft, are not considered, although, unlike most transportation modes, aircraft travel great distances at various altitudes, generating emissions that potentially impact air quality. This paper was aimed to study the principles and methods to monitor air pollution from aircraft engines at main airports of Europe, north America, and Asia. Based on measurement campaign analysis at some airports of the world and modelling results by complex model PolEmiCa (Pollution and Emission Calculation), the method and technical characteristics for measurement system detect the aircraft engine emissions. The developed practical recommendations were realised at Ukrainian airports and used for validation of model PolEmiCa. Thus, the modelling results for each engine are in good agreement with the results of measurements by the AC32M Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) analyser system due to considering the jet and plume-regime during an experimental investigation at Boryspol airport. Analysis of measured instantaneous concentration demonstrates a high correlation with the runway movements and take-off at Zhulyany airport.

scholarly journals HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF AMBIENT AIR AND NON-CARCINOGENIC RISK FOR PUBLIC HEALTH LIVING ON BORDER TERRITORIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
V.M. Boev ◽  
E.A. Kryazheva ◽  
L.Kh. Kudusova ◽  
D.A. Kryazhev ◽  
S.V. Perepelkin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Orenburg Region

The purpose of the research study was the identification and quantitative assessment of ambient air pollution with risk assessment to public health on the territories of the Orenburg region, bordering the Republic of Kazakhstan. A hygienic assessment of thirteen border municipalities of the Orenburg region was carried out in the paper. We conducted an ambient air analysis for 23 substances, which are under long-term dynamic observation and a non-carcinogenic risk to public health was calculated. It was established that the Western and Central parts of the border territories differing in the qualitative composition of pollutants have the highest level of anthropogenic air pollution. At the same time, the qualitative composition of pollutants in the Western part of the border territory is mainly represented by substances that originate from gas and oil refining facilities. Priority pollutants in the Central part of the border territory are substances that originate from non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy facilities. Climatic data analysis in the study territory has shown that conditions for the transboundary transfer of atmospheric pollution, both from Kazakhstan and from the Russian Federation can be created with certain meteorological parameters. Non-carcinogenic health risk analysis showed the probability of adverse effects development on organs and systems, as well as the probability of malignant neoplasms occurrence in the population living on the border territories. The study justifies and confirms the need to develop a system for monitoring and to assess the probability for transboundary transport of atmospheric pollution, as well as practical recommendations and preventive measures to reduce anthropogenic load.

scholarly journals Health benefits of on-road transportation pollution control programs in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (41) ◽  
pp. 25370-25377
Author(s):  
Haikun Wang ◽  
Xiaojing He ◽  
Xinyu Liang ◽  
Ernani F. Choma ◽  
Yifan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Vehicle Emission ◽  
Road Transportation

China started to implement comprehensive measures to mitigate traffic pollution at the end of 1990s, but the comprehensive effects, especially on ambient air quality and public health, have not yet been systematically evaluated. In this study, we analyze the effects of vehicle emission control measures on ambient air pollution and associated deaths attributable to long-term exposures of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and O3based on an integrated research framework that combines scenario analysis, air quality modeling, and population health risk assessment. We find that the total impact of these control measures was substantial. Vehicular emissions during 1998–2015 would have been 2–3 times as large as they actually were, had those measures not been implemented. The national population-weighted annual average concentrations of PM2.5and O3in 2015 would have been higher by 11.7 μg/m3and 8.3 parts per billion, respectively, and the number of deaths attributable to 2015 air pollution would have been higher by 510 thousand (95% confidence interval: 360 thousand to 730 thousand) without these controls. Our analysis shows a concentration of mortality impacts in densely populated urban areas, motivating local policymakers to design stringent vehicle emission control policies. The results imply that vehicle emission control will require policy designs that are more multifaceted than traditional controls, primarily represented by the strict emission standards, with careful consideration of the challenges in coordinated mitigation of both PM2.5and O3in different regions, to sustain improvement in air quality and public health given continuing swift growth in China’s vehicle population.

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