scholarly journals Cumulative Lead Dose and Cognitive Function in Adults: A Review of Studies That Measured Both Blood Lead and Bone Lead

2007 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina A. Shih ◽  
Howard Hu ◽  
Marc G. Weisskopf ◽  
Brian S. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Bone Lead

Blood lead levels in relation to cognitive function in older U.S. adults

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin van Wijngaarden ◽  
Paul C. Winters ◽  
Deborah A. Cory-Slechta
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Levels

scholarly journals Lead Intoxication in Free-Ranging Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah K. Manning ◽  
Arno Wünschmann ◽  
Anibal G. Armién ◽  
Michelle Willette ◽  
Kathleen MacAulay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Lead Intoxication ◽  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Bone Lead ◽  
Hemorrhagic Necrosis ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Free Ranging

Lead toxicity due to ingestion of spent ammunition is an ongoing cause of mortality in bald eagles. While gross and histologic lesions of lead intoxication have been described in a few individuals of this species, the prevalence of lesions is underreported. A retrospective study of 93 bald eagles with severe lead intoxication was performed to describe the associated lesions and their prevalence and to compare the lesions with blood, liver, kidney, and/or bone lead concentrations. Gross lesions associated with lead toxicity were most frequent within the heart (51/93 birds) and consisted of multifocal myocardial pallor and rounding of the apex. Within the brain, gross lesions included petechiae or hemorrhagic necrosis (13/93 birds). Histologic lesions compatible with lead toxicity occurred within the heart (76/93 birds), brain (59/93 birds), and eyes (24/87 birds). Lead toxicity in bald eagles is characterized by fibrinoid necrosis of small- to medium-caliber arteries, most commonly affecting the heart, brain, and eyes. Gross and histologic lesions are consistent with ischemia caused by a primary vascular injury. A blood lead concentration of greater than 4 ppm and markedly elevated liver lead concentrations were associated with a greater likelihood of lesions in the heart. Severe lead intoxication is frequently associated with lesions that are histologically detectable in bald eagles. The presence of fibrinoid arterial necrosis and parenchymal degeneration, necrosis, and/or hemorrhage within the heart, brain, and/or eyes is suggestive of lead toxicity in bald eagles and warrants evaluation of liver or bone lead concentrations.

Seasonal Variation in Bone Lead Contribution to Blood Lead during Pregnancy

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Rothenberg ◽  
Vladislav Kondrashov ◽  
Mario Manalo ◽  
William I. Manton ◽  
Fuad Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Bone Lead

Deficits in cognitive function and achievement in Mexican first-graders with low blood lead concentrations

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kordas ◽  
Richard L. Canfield ◽  
Patricia López ◽  
Jorge L. Rosado ◽  
Gonzalo García Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
First Graders ◽  
Blood Lead

scholarly journals Association Between Bone-lead Concentration and Aggression in Youth From a Sub-cohort of the Birth to Twenty Cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nonhlanhla Tlotleng ◽  
Nisha Naicker ◽  
Angela Mathee ◽  
Andrew C. Todd ◽  
Palesa Nkomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Bone Lead ◽  
Aggression Questionnaire ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: An association between blood-lead levels and aggression has been demonstrated in children and adolescent youth in South Africa. However, there are limited studies that have assessed aggression as an outcome for cumulative lead exposure using bone-lead concentration. The aim of this study was to assess the association between bone-lead concentration and aggressive behaviour among a sample of the youth in South Africa. Methods: Bone lead in 100 participants (53 males and 47 females) recruited and followed in the Birth to Twenty (BT20) Cohort were measured using 109Cd-based, K-Shell X-ray Fluorescence (KXRF). The Buss-Perry Aggression questionnaire was used to measure aggressive behaviour. Linear regression models were fitted to determine the association between aggression score for physical, verbal, anger and hostility and bone lead, adjusting for known confounders. Results: The study participants were between the ages of 23 and 24 years. A one-microgram-per-gram increase in bone lead was found to increase the score for all four scales of aggression, but significantly only for anger (β=0.2 [95% CI 0.04-0.370]). Psychosocial factors such as a history of family violence and exposure to neighbourhood crime were found to be significant predictors for aggression. Conclusion: The study provides a preliminary overview of the relationship between cumulative lead exposure and behavioural problems such as aggression. A larger sample, across exposed communities, may prove more definitive in deciding whether further investigating this association could maximize generalizability. Such information could be crucial in the drafting of policies designed to combat crime associated with youth aggression in South Africa.

Bone lead associations with blood lead, kidney function and blood pressure among US, lead-exposed workers in a surveillance programme

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaughn Barry ◽  
Andrew C Todd ◽  
Kyle Steenland
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
New York ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Bone Lead ◽  
Data Regression ◽  
Exposed Workers ◽  
Lead Levels

ObjectivesBone lead and past blood lead levels may be more strongly associated with current health effects than current blood lead, representing recent exposure. We examined whether current bone lead was correlated with maximum past blood lead and compared how three lead measures predicted current blood pressure (BP) and kidney function among workers with past occupational lead exposure.MethodsAdult men in a lead surveillance programme residing near New York City were enrolled. Current bone and blood lead, BP and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured. Maximum past blood lead was obtained from surveillance data. Regression models were used to determine associations of health with different lead measures.ResultsAmong 211 participants, median (IQR) bone, maximum past blood and current blood leads were 13.8 (9.4–19.5) µg lead per bone mineral gram, 29.0 (14.0–38.0) µg/dL and 2.5 (1.5–4.4) µg/dL, respectively. Maximum past and current blood lead were significantly associated with current bone lead in adjusted analyses (both p<0.0001), with associations driven by high blood lead. Bone lead was associated with increased continuous systolic BP (coefficient=0.36; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.67; p=0.02); categorical analyses indicated this was driven by the top two bone lead quartiles. Bone lead was non-significantly associated with decreased (worse) eGFR (coefficient=−0.15; 95% CI −0.36 to 0.07; p=0.18).ConclusionsBone lead was significantly associated with past maximum and current blood lead. The association between bone and current blood lead was possibly driven by bone lead resorption into blood. Bone lead, but not past or current blood lead, was associated with elevated systolic BP.

In Vivo X-Ray Fluorescence of Lead and Other Toxic Trace Elements

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Chettle
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lead ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Bone Lead ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Source Excitation

Abstract The first in vivo x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone used y-rays from a 57Co source to excite Pb K x-rays. Later systems used γ-rays from 109Cd to excite Pb K x-rays or polarized x-rays to excite Pb L x-rays. All three approaches involve an extremely low effective dose to the subject. Of the two K x-ray techniques, 109Cd is more precise and more flexible in choice of measurement site. Pb L x-ray fluorescence (L-XRF) effectively samples lead at bone surfaces, whereas Pb K x-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) samples through the bulk of a bone. Both the polarized L-XRF and 109Cd K-XRF achieve similar precision. Renal mercury has recently been determined using a polarized x-ray source. Both renal and hepatic cadmium can be measured using polarized x-rays in conjunction with a Si(Li) detector. Platinum and gold have been measured both by radioisotopic source excitation and by using polarized x-rays, but the latter is to be preferred. Applications of Pb K-XRF have shown that measured bone lead relates strongly to cumulative lead exposure. Secondly, biological half lives of lead in different bone types have been estimated from limited longitudinal data sets and from some cross sectional surveys. Thirdly, the effect of hone lead as an endogenous source of lead has been demonstrated and it has been shown that a majority of circulating blood lead can be mobilized from bone, rather than deriving from new exposure, in some retired lead workers.

Past Occupational Exposure to Lead: Association Between Current Blood Lead and Bone Lead

2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Morrow ◽  
Herbert L. Needleman ◽  
Christine McFarland ◽  
Kim Metheny ◽  
Michael Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Bone Lead
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