scholarly journals New methods for detection of low levels of DNA damage in human populations.

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
W A Haseltine ◽  
W Franklin ◽  
J A Lippke
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Low Levels

scholarly journals Low levels of methylmercury induce DNA damage in rats: protective effects of selenium

2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-287
Author(s):  
Denise Grotto ◽  
Gustavo R. M. Barcelos ◽  
Juliana Valentini ◽  
Lusânia M. G. Antunes ◽  
José Pedro F. Angeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Low Levels

Variability in DNA repair and individual susceptibility to genotoxins

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1848-1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Kyrtopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Cytostatic Drugs ◽  
Dna Damage And Repair ◽  
Cellular Protection ◽  
Methylated Dna ◽  
Methylating Agents

Abstract DNA repair is an important mechanism of cellular protection from the effects of genotoxic chemicals. Although extensive evidence from studies in experimental systems indicates that variation in DNA repair can significantly influence susceptibility to genotoxins, corresponding studies in human populations are so far limited, mainly because of methodological difficulties. One system, using observations of the accumulation and repair of DNA damage in cancer patients treated with alkylating cytostatic drugs, has provided useful information for assessing the effects of interindividual variation in DNA repair activity on the induction of genotoxic effects in humans. The most detailed studies of this kind have been carried out on patients with cancer (i.e., Hodgkin disease, malignant melanoma) treated with the methylating cytostatic drugs procarbazine or dacarbazine; these studies have provided detailed information on dose-response relationships. They have also demonstrated the protective role of the repair enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase against the accumulation of the premutagenic methylated DNA lesion O6-methylguanine in patients' DNA. Given the strong evidence that exposure of the general population to environmental methylating agents may be extensive, as indicated by the frequent discovery of methylated DNA adducts in human DNA, data on DNA damage and repair in alkylating drug-treated patients and their modulation by host factors may prove useful in efforts to assess the possible carcinogenic risks posed by exposure to environmental methylating agents.

Evaluation of oxidative stress responses and primary DNA damage in blood and brain of rats exposed to low levels of tembotrione

Chemosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 253 ◽  
pp. 126643
Author(s):  
Blanka Tariba Lovaković ◽  
Vilena Kašuba ◽  
Anja Katić ◽  
Nevenka Kopjar ◽  
Ana Marija Marjanović Čermak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Oxidative Stress Responses ◽  
Primary Dna Damage

scholarly journals The influence of high and low levels of arsenic in the human body on the process of carcinogenesis, based on function, expression and genetic polymorphisms in the genes encoding the two arsenic transporters - water channels AQP and glucose transporters glut (SLC2A)

Genetika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 379-392
Author(s):  
Jakub Kubiś ◽  
Marek Kmiec ◽  
Jan Bińkowski ◽  
Marta Sróżyńska
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transporters ◽  
Water Channels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Function Expression ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Arsenic Transport

Arsenic is a metallic element commonly found in soil, water and plants, and thereby can easily enter the food chain. When arsenic enters the body through food consumption, it subsequently passes into the cells through water channels (AQP) and glucose transporters (GLUT), where it may exert a various metabolic alterations including genotoxicity, which may finally promote carcinogenesis. However, there are human populations showing a reduced adverse effects of arsenic. This is mainly due to a natural selection caused by a long-term environmental exposure to a large doses of arsenic. Aquaporins AQP3, AQP7, AQP9, AQP10 and glucose transporters SLC2A1 (GLUT1), SLC2A4 (GLUT4) are considered as the candidate genes associated with resistance to arsenic in the carcinogenesis process as they are closely related to the occurrence of a various types of cancers, while their products are associated with arsenic transport.

scholarly journals DNA damage in circulating leukocytes measured with the comet assay may predict the risk of death

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Bonassi ◽  
Marcello Ceppi ◽  
Peter Møller ◽  
Amaya Azqueta ◽  
Mirta Milić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Comet Assay ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽  
Overall Mortality

AbstractThe comet assay or single cell gel electrophoresis, is the most common method used to measure strand breaks and a variety of other DNA lesions in human populations. To estimate the risk of overall mortality, mortality by cause, and cancer incidence associated to DNA damage, a cohort of 2,403 healthy individuals (25,978 person-years) screened in 16 laboratories using the comet assay between 1996 and 2016 was followed-up. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated a worse overall survival in the medium and high tertile of DNA damage (p < 0.001). The effect of DNA damage on survival was modelled according to Cox proportional hazard regression model. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.42 (1.06–1.90) for overall mortality, and 1.94 (1.04–3.59) for diseases of the circulatory system in subjects with the highest tertile of DNA damage. The findings of this study provide epidemiological evidence encouraging the implementation of the comet assay in preventive strategies for non-communicable diseases.

scholarly journals Endocrinological aspects of dietary habits

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Lapčík
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Individual Human

Dietary habits reflect both the recent economic possibilities and the cultural history of individual human populations. They may influence endocrine systems and thus affect the health of the respective populations in several manners: (1) People consuming exclusively local products may lack certain micronutrients. This is important especially in areas with low levels of iodine and/or selenium in the environment. Thyroid gland insufficiency resulting from the iodine deficiency was widespread in many areas of Central Europe until the introduction of iodine supplementation in the second half of 20&lt;sup&gt;<sup>th</sup> &lt;/sup&gt;century. Iodine deficiency is still a serious problem in many areas of Africa and Asia. (2) Numerous cultural plants contain compounds able to influence important metabolic pathways. Iodine deficiency is usually worsened by thyroidal peroxidase inhibitors, so-called goitrogens. Phenolic and terpenoid compounds may interfere in the metabolism of steroid hormones. Glycyrrhetinic acid from licorice is a potent inhibitor of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Isoflavonoids from legumes (e.g. genistein and daidzein) and their metabolites (e.g. equol) were found to inhibit the following enzymes: aromatase, 5alfa-reductase, 7alfa-hydroxylase, 3beta-hydroxysteroid and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, etc. Isoflavonoid sulphates influence local availability of steroids by inhibiting sterol sulphatases. (3) Plant-derived compounds are able to interact with nuclear receptors and act either as hormone agonists or as antagonists. Recently, the attention has been paid namely to the phenolic substances interacting with oestrogen receptors so-called phyto-oestrogens. &nbsp;

What is the role of trials and other ‘well-designed’ studies in the understanding of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 441-444
Author(s):  
Carol Brayne
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Tertiary Prevention ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

This chapter lays out a brief summary of the ways in which we bring our contemporary and past knowledge of disorders together in a way that can integrate impact for society. The value of diagnosis can be viewed from different perspectives and sectors of any particular society. There have been many changes to the definitions of many, if not most, disorders and diseases affecting human populations due to changing biologies and new methods of investigation. This includes change in diagnostic approaches and definitions, the approaches currently used in Global Burden of Disease and Health Life Expectancies as well as public health approaches to bringing together evidence about primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

Gas/Liquid Phase Change Actuator for Use in Extreme Temperature Environments

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Matsuoka ◽  
◽  
Koichi Suzumori
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Actuator Design ◽  
Steel Industries

Manipulating materials exposed to extreme temperature environments presents numerous significant challenges. For example, steel industries require new methods for the direct handling of materials at temperatures greater than 1000°C, and material scientists require new methods for handling specimens at the helium temperature, where high-quality analysis must be performed with very low levels of thermal noise. However, conventional actuators do not work in such environments because of their low thermostability and, more importantly, the loss of the magnetic and piezoelectric properties of the actuator materials. For example, it is well known that magnetism and piezoelectricity completely disappear at temperatures exceeding the Curie point. This paper proposes a new working principle for actuators based on the gas/liquid phase change of working fluids. We show possibilities for the actuator design, including selections for temperature-resistant materials and working fluids at various temperatures. In addition, we discuss the design of the first prototype actuator, which worked successfully at 180°C by utilizing the gas/liquid phase change of water. The basic experimental results show significant potential for the actuator.

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