scholarly journals Balancing the risks and benefits of drinking water disinfection: disability adjusted life-years on the scale.

2000 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
A H Havelaar ◽  
A E De Hollander ◽  
P F Teunis ◽  
E G Evers ◽  
H J Van Kranen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Drinking Water Disinfection

scholarly journals Adoption of a microbial health-based target for Australian drinking water regulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 662-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne O'Toole ◽  
Martha Sinclair ◽  
Katherine Gibney ◽  
Karin Leder
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Target Values

The health-based targets of 1 in 10,000 for infection and 10−6 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year are increasingly being considered, or have already been adopted, to define microbial safety targets for water. The aim of this paper is to convey information about how these two targets compare by converting each of the target values to a common metric. The metric chosen for viral (rotavirus and norovirus) and protozoan (Cryptosporidium) reference pathogens is the estimated maximum number of annual drinking water-associated cases of acute diarrhoeal disease tolerated. For the reference bacterial pathogen Campylobacter, sequelae to acute diarrhoeal illness have also been considered in estimating the tolerable number of cases for the DALY target. Also investigated is whether non-compliance with targets would be detected as a waterborne disease outbreak by the health surveillance system in an extreme hypothetical situation whereby all tolerable cases per annum occurred as a single event. The paper highlights that verification of compliance with targets cannot be demonstrated by the absence of reported drinking water-associated outbreaks alone and concludes that introduction of a quantitative health-based outcome for drinking water in Australia would help improve water quality management by providing a common goal directly linked to health outcomes.

Age-sex specific disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to elevated levels of fluoride in drinking water: A national and subnational study in Iran, 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 94-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrnoosh Abtahi ◽  
Sina Dobaradaran ◽  
Sahand Jorfi ◽  
Ali Koolivand ◽  
Shokooh Sadat Khaloo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Specific Disability

Identifying Public Health Problems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Burris ◽  
Micah L. Berman ◽  
Matthew Penn, and ◽  
Tara Ramanathan Holiday
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Chapter 5 discusses the use of epidemiology to identify the source of public health problems and inform policymaking. It uses a case study to illustrate how researchers, policymakers, and practitioners detect diseases, identify their sources, determine the extent of an outbreak, and prevent new infections. The chapter also defines key measures in epidemiology that can indicate public health priorities, including morbidity and mortality, years of potential life lost, and measures of lifetime impacts, including disability-adjusted life years and quality-adjusted life years. Finally, the chapter reviews epidemiological study designs, differentiating between experimental and observational studies, to show how to interpret data and identify limitations.

Both viable and inactivated amoeba spores protect their intracellular bacteria from drinking water disinfection

2021 ◽  
Vol 417 ◽  
pp. 126006
Author(s):  
Zhenzhen He ◽  
Luting Wang ◽  
Yuexian Ge ◽  
Siyi Zhang ◽  
Yuehui Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Drinking Water Disinfection

scholarly journals Sex-Dependent End-of-Life Mental and Vascular Scenarios for Compensatory Mechanisms in Mice with Normal and AD-Neurodegenerative Aging

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Aida Muntsant ◽  
Francesc Jiménez-Altayó ◽  
Lidia Puertas-Umbert ◽  
Elena Jiménez-Xarrie ◽  
Elisabet Vila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Bidirectional Interactions

Life expectancy decreases with aging, with cardiovascular, mental health, and neurodegenerative disorders strongly contributing to the total disability-adjusted life years. Interestingly, the morbidity/mortality paradox points to females having a worse healthy life expectancy. Since bidirectional interactions between cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) have been reported, the study of this emerging field is promising. In the present work, we further explored the cardiovascular–brain interactions in mice survivors of two cohorts of non-transgenic and 3xTg-AD mice, including both sexes, to investigate the frailty/survival through their life span. Survival, monitored from birth, showed exceptionally worse mortality rates in females than males, independently of the genotype. This mortality selection provided a “survivors” cohort that could unveil brain–cardiovascular interaction mechanisms relevant for normal and neurodegenerative aging processes restricted to long-lived animals. The results show sex-dependent distinct physical (worse in 3xTg-AD males), neuropsychiatric-like and cognitive phenotypes (worse in 3xTg-AD females), and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation (higher in females), with higher cerebral blood flow and improved cardiovascular phenotype in 3xTg-AD female mice survivors. The present study provides an experimental scenario to study the suggested potential compensatory hemodynamic mechanisms in end-of-life dementia, which is sex-dependent and can be a target for pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.

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