Modeling Commuting Flows via Fixed Components

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1225-1237
Author(s):  
Sahar Babri ◽  
Kurt Jörnsten ◽  
Inge Thorsen ◽  
Jan Ubøe
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Trip Distribution ◽  
Entropy Maximization ◽  
Commuting Flows ◽  
Job Location

The basic, reasonable hypothesis underlying this paper is that many individuals are comfortable with their current combination of job and residential location and have no intention of changing job location or moving from where they live. This causes autocorrelation in the time series of commuting flows and provides a rationale for introducing fixed components in the trip distribution model. The fixed components are assumed to be constant in time and separated from the observed trip distribution. We next consider the residuals and fit the model by a constrained entropy-maximization procedure. Based on commuting data from Stockholm County in Sweden, the fixed component spatial interaction model is demonstrated to lead to a substantial improvement in goodness of fit compared with conventional spatial interaction models. The identification of fixed components leads to significantly lower estimates of the distance deterrence parameter, and fixed components are further argued to be potentially useful in a prediction perspective. The distance deterrence parameter in the fixed component model reflects the spatial interaction of workers who are actually considering changes in their residential and/or job location. We also compare alternative measures of spatial separation and discuss differences in commuting behaviour by gender.

The unequal commute: Comparing commuting patterns across income and racial worker subgroups

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2110688
Author(s):  
Yujie Hu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analytics ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Harris County ◽  
Commuting Flows ◽  
Choropleth Mapping ◽  
Household Dynamics ◽  
Journey To Work ◽  
Commuting Patterns

The spatial dimension of the journey-to-work has important implications for land use and development policymaking and has been widely studied. One thrust of this research is concerned with the disaggregation of workers into subgroups for understanding disparities in commute. Most of these studies, however, were limited to the disaggregation by single socioeconomic class. Hence, this research aims to examine commuting disparities across commuter subgroups stratified by two socioeconomic variables—income and race—using a visual analytics approach. By applying the doubly constrained spatial interaction model to the 2014 Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics data, this research first synthesizes commuting flows for Downtown Houston workers across income-race subgroups at the tract level in Harris County, Texas, USA. It then uses bivariate choropleth mapping to visualize the spatial distributions of major Downtown Houston commuter neighborhoods by income-race classes, and significant commuting disparities are identified across income-race subgroups. The results highlight the importance of considering income and race simultaneously for commuting research. The visualization could help policymakers clearly identify the unequal commute across worker subgroups and inform policymaking.

Empirically Derived Deterrence Functions for Maximum Performance Spatial Interaction Models

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1067-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Openshaw ◽  
C J Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Maximum Performance ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Models

The relationship between the choice of deterrence function and the goodness of fit of a singly constrained spatial interaction model is examined as a basis for improving model performance. The results show that there is no significant improvement in model goodness of fit until a deterrence-function characterisation is used which is based on a family of functions, with the spatial domain of each function being determined in an approximately optimal manner. These findings are consistent with theoretical research on microlevel trip behaviour and can be used to identify descriptive models which possess maximum levels of performance.

Effects of Spatial System Design on Spatial Interaction Models. 1: The Spatial System Definition Problem

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
S H Putman ◽  
S-H Chung
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Spatial Aggregation ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
Aggregation Methods ◽  
Future Paper ◽  
Spatial System

Rather little has been published about systematic empirical research on the problem of spatial aggregation and its effects on spatial interaction models. Of the work which has been published, all of it has dealt almost exclusively with single-parameter spatial interaction models. In this article five different aggregation procedures are examined. The experiments were based on the use of a multivariate multiparametric spatial interaction model. A first set of hypotheses tests was performed with respect to the sensitivity of model parameters to spatial aggregation methods. A second set was performed with respect to the sensitivity of model goodness-of-fit to the five spatial aggregation methods. Although questions remain, the results clearly show that the multiparametric model responds well to different aggregation algorithms. Some parameters showed substantial response, as they should, to different zonal aggregations, whereas others are shown to be much less responsive. Further, the results clearly indicate that systematic aggregation procedures generally produce better results than do random procedures. A future paper will continue with a discussion of zone definition criteria, and recommendations will be made with regard to aggregation algorithms.

An Examination of the Equivalence of Three Alternative Mechanisms for Establishing the Equilibrium Solutions of the Production-Constrained Spatial Interaction Model

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 861-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Crouchley
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Equilibrium Solutions ◽  
Differential Topology ◽  
Entropy Maximization ◽  
Spatial Interaction Model ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

In this paper, three methods for determining the equilibrium points of the production-constrained spatial interaction model are reviewed; these are a balancing mechanism, differential topology, and entropy maximization. Harris and Wilson's examination of the equivalence of the three methods is summarized, and then the conditions under which equivalence can break down are established. A comparison of the results obtained from an application of each method to an often-used two-zone example is also presented.

Explanatory and forecasting capabilities of trip distribution models

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Volet ◽  
B. G. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Trip Distribution ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Commuting Flows ◽  
Journey To Work

Trip distribution models attempt to capture two effects and these are changes in the overall scale of travel between some base year and forecast year as well as fundamental changes in commuting structure. The paper begins with a very brief discussion of observed commuting changes in the Toronto region between 1971 and 1981 using the census journey-to-work data. The abilities of a doubly constrained gravity model to emulate interzonal commuting flows in 1971 and 1981 are examined as well as its ability to forecast 1981 flows. These explanatory and forecasting capabilities are compared with those of a Fratar-type trip distribution model. The trip interchange residuals for both model types are isolated and interpreted in terms of the changes in spatial structure that have occurred in the Toronto region over the analysis period. It is concluded that the forecasts provided by the Fratar model are much superior to those of the aggregate doubly constrained gravity model. Both model types have difficulties in emulating shifts in commuting structure that are due to fundamental changes in living and working patterns by the various socioeconomic groups.

MODEL DISTRIBUSI PERJALANAN PENDUDUK UNTUK PENENTUAN KORIDOR ‘LRT’ DI PULAU BATAM

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Djoko Prijo Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Mass Transit ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Trip Distribution ◽  
Home Interview ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Private Car

In consequence of the increasing of regional economic activities in Pulau Batam, a reliable transportation system is required. Decreasing road network performance as a result of increasing traffic volume needs a strategic planning to anticipate the worsening condition in the future. One of the solutions is by providing mass transit system which is expected to attract private car users. Therefore, determination of potential corridor of mass transit system need to be identified so that the system provide better accessibility. Trip pattern in Pulau Batam must be known by developing trip distribution model. The trip distribution model is calibrated using origin-destination (O-D) data that is based on home interview survey. The validated model will be used to forecast and simulate travel demand onto transport network. Result of model calibration process shows mean trip length difference between model and survey is equal 0.141 %. From simulation of trip assignment is obtained that potential corridor for mass transit system using LRT is Batu Ampar – Batu Aji via Muka Kuning. Passenger forecast in the year 2030 is 193,990 passenger/day (2 directions).

scholarly journals Mathematical pattern of Kessler psychological distress distribution in the general population of the U.S. and Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichiro Tomitaka ◽  
Toshiaki A. Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Population ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Depression Screening ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Screening Scale

Abstract Background Although the 6-item Kessler psychological scale (K6) is a useful depression screening scale in clinical settings and epidemiological surveys, little is known about the distribution model of the K6 score in the general population. Using four major national survey datasets from the United States and Japan, we explored the mathematical pattern of the K6 distributions in the general population. Methods We analyzed four datasets from the National Health Interview Survey, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in the United States, and the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in Japan. We compared the goodness of fit between three models: exponential, power law, and quadratic function models. Graphical and regression analyses were employed to investigate the mathematical patterns of the K6 distributions. Results The exponential function had the best fit among the three models. The K6 distributions exhibited an exponential pattern, except for the lower end of the distribution across the four surveys. The rate parameter of the K6 distributions was similar across all surveys. Conclusions Our results suggest that, regardless of different sample populations and methodologies, the K6 scores exhibit a common mathematical distribution in the general population. Our findings will contribute to the development of the distribution model for such a depression screening scale.

scholarly journals Travelling to services in the daily urban system of Olomouc

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marián Halás ◽  
Veronika Zuskáčová
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
Commuting Flows ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Questionnaire Research ◽  
Work Commuting

Abstract The service sector is quite broad: it includes basic services for the population as well as highly sophisticated services, public as well as commercial services, etc. Commuting to services is one of the fundamental regional processes and together with work commuting it creates an entry basis for the construction of socalled catchment, or nodal regions which should be crucial in the construction of an administrative division of a country. The main objective of this paper is to identify a selected group of spatial interaction in the daily urban system of Olomouc, i.e. in a region dominated by work commuting to the city of Olomouc. More specifically, the paper deals with the interaction of commuting to a wide range of services of non-commercial (social) as well as of commercial character in two hierarchical levels - local and micro-regional. Based on the data obtained by the method of questionnaire research from local leaders (mayors) we analysed the mobility of people to primary and secondary schools, hospitals, shops, culture and sport. As far as the retail network is concerned, the analysis of spatial differentiation of the catchment area to three large department stores was made for villages in Olomouc hinterland. Individual catchment regions for specific services were constructed by a verified method based on commuting flows. Synthetic evaluation contains an identification of so-called complex service regions in the daily urban system of Olomouc. In comparison with our previous studies we tried to describe basic trends in service infrastructure and changes in travelling to services.

scholarly journals Erratum to: Biomass HotSpot distribution model and spatial interaction of two exploited species of horse mackerel in the south-central Mediterranean Sea

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 821 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Milisenda ◽  
Germana Garofalo ◽  
Samia Fezzani ◽  
Okbi Rjeibi ◽  
Othman Jarboui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Horse Mackerel ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
South Central ◽  
Central Mediterranean Sea
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