Risk-Mitigating Technologies: The Case of Radiation Diagnostic Devices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Galasso ◽  
Hong Luo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Ct Scanners ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

We study the impact of consumers’ risk perception on firm innovation. Our analysis exploits a major surge in the perceived risk of radiation diagnostic devices following extensive media coverage of a set of overradiation accidents involving computed tomography (CT) scanners in late 2009. Using data on radiation diagnostic device patents and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) product clearances, we find that the increased perception of radiation risk spurred the development of new technologies that mitigated such risk and led to a greater number of new products. Using CT scanners as a case study, we provide an in-depth characterization of two different types of risk-mitigating technologies that firms developed after the shock. Firm-level analysis shows that, although firms were similarly responsive in their patenting activities, large incumbents were significantly more responsive than smaller firms in terms of new product introductions, and, in the case of CT scanners, large incumbents were also significantly more responsive in terms of the more radical type of risk-mitigating technologies. We also provide qualitative evidence and describe patterns of equipment usage and upgrade that are consistent with increased risk perception and, consequently, a greater willingness to pay for safety. Overall, our findings suggest that changes in risk perception can be an important driver of innovation, can shape the direction of technological progress, and can impact market structure. This paper was accepted by Ashish Arora, entrepreneurship and innovation.

THE EFFECT OF 'CONCERN FOR OSTEOPOROSIS' AND SELF-PERCEIVED 'RISK OF OSTEOPOROSIS AND FRACTURE' ON ANTI-OSTEOPOROSIS BEHAVIOR OF POST MENOPAUSAL WOMEN- A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Deepali Srivastava ◽  
Sandeepa Srivastava ◽  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
Sanjiv Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Bmd Testing ◽  
One Year

Introduction: Osteoporosis is more prevalent in women, especially following menopause. The total affected population would have been around 35 to 40 million. Morbidity due to disease includes decreased mobility, decreased quality of life, and increased risk of mortality following an osteoporotic fracture. The morbidity due to the disease may be decreased through diet, exercise, supplementation, and medication. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of 'concern for osteoporosis' and self-perceived 'risk of osteoporosis and fracture' on antiosteoporosis behaviour such as (1) calcium and vitamin D supplementation, (2) seeking medical advice, (3) undergoing bone mineral (BMD) testing, and (4) taking antiosteoporosis medication (AOM). Material And Method:The study was conducted on women attending outpatient clinic of the Obstretics and Gynaecology and Orthopaedics department. Patients were required to ll up the Global Longitudinal Osteoporosis in Women Questionnaire. Enrolled patients were contacted after one year by means of telephone calls, hospital visits and home visits and data was collected for self-reported use of supplements, self-reported seeking of medical advice regarding osteoporosis, self-reported BMD testing, and self-reported use of antiosteoporosis medications etc. Results:Total of 1562 women were enrolled for the study out of which data of only 1000 women was analyzed at end of one year. At the end of one year period 360 women reported use of Calcium and or Vitamin D. Table 4 depicts the association between the use of vitamin supplementation and concern and risk perception. Concern (P=0.61), risk perception to osteoporosis (P=0.13), and risk perception to fracture (P=0.29) were not signicantly associated with use of vitamin supplementation in the next 12 months (i.e., calcium and/or vitamin D). Concern (p= <0.001), risk perception to osteoporosis (p=<0.001), and risk perception to fracture (p=<0.001) were signicantly associated with women seeking medical care during the next one year. Concern (p=0.35) was not signicantly associated with undergoing BMD examination. Risk perception to osteoporosis (p=0.03) and risk perception to fracture (p=0.03) were signicantly associated with women undergoing BMD medical examination in one year. Concern about osteoporosis (p=0.64) was not signicantly associated with treatment with anti-osteoporotic medication. Risk perception to osteoporosis (p=0.06) and risk perception to fracture (p=0.002) were signicantly associated with women. Conclusion: Concern for osteoporosis is associated with likelihood of seeking medical advice. Perception of risk for Osteoporosis and fractures is positively associated with seeking medical advice, BMD examination and AOM treatment

Ambiguity Aversion Decreases the Impact of Partial Insurance: Evidence from African Farmers

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1428-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gharad Bryan
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Ambiguity Aversion ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Credit Contracts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Partial Insurance

Abstract Indemnifying smallholder farmers against crop loss is thought to play an important role in encouraging the adoption of new technologies and facilitating productivity growth, but to be infeasible due to information problems. Consequently there is interest in developing alternative, partial, insurance products. Examples include rainfall insurance and the limited liability inherent in credit contracts. I argue that although these products may reduce information asymmetry, ambiguity averse farmers struggle to assess whether the contracts reduce risk. This problem is most pronounced when the production technology is ambiguous, as is likely the case for new technologies. I formalize this argument and test the theory using data from two RCTs, conducted in Malawi and Kenya. Comparative statics from the theory are consistent with both sets of data, and I argue that income losses from ambiguity aversion may be substantial.

scholarly journals The Impact of Technological Change on Older Workers: Evidence from Data on Computer Use

ILR Review ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leora Friedberg
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Computer Users ◽  
Skill Requirements ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Retirement Study

New technologies like computers alter skill requirements. This paper explores two related effects of the spread of computers on older workers, using data from the Current Population Survey and the Health and Retirement Study. One conclusion is that impending retirement, rather than age alone, explains why older workers used computers less than prime-age workers did. A second conclusion is that computer users retired later than non-users. Although this pattern may arise because workers planning later retirement decided to acquire computer skills, the empirical analysis suggests that the causation also went in the other direction, with computer users choosing to delay retirement. It will be important to understand these effects as the baby boom cohort nears retirement, while technologies continue to change rapidly.

scholarly journals Droughts, cyclones, and intimate partner violence: A disastrous mix for Indian women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayushi Rai ◽  
Anupam Joya Sharma ◽  
Malavika A. Subramanyam
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIndia has reported a high prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) against women over the years. Previous Western research have found an increased IPV risk among women in the aftermath of natural disasters, underscoring the need for such studies in India. We could not locate any study focusing on the impact of slow-onset versus rapid-onset disasters, which might have differing impacts on the vulnerable, especially on the incidence of IPV in India. Using data on ever-married women from the National Family Health Survey-4, we investigated the association of residing in districts exposed to a drought (N=31,045), and separately, to two cyclones (N=8469), with three forms of self-reported IPV against women (emotional, physical, and sexual). Survey-adjusted logistic regression models showed that exposure to cyclone was positively associated with emotional IPV (AOR: 1.59, CI: 1.20, 2.10) after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Although not statistically significant, exposure to cyclone was also positively associated with physical and sexual IPV, and drought with physical IPV. However, we did not find an association of drought with emotional and sexual violence. Notably, we corroborated previous findings that women from wealthier households, educated, and whose husbands had no history of alcohol consumption, were less likely to experience any form of IPV independent of the influence of other factors. These results highlight the potential increased risk of IPV following natural disasters. In a patriarchal society such as India vulnerable to climate-change, these sobering results highlight the need to prepare for the social disasters that might accompany natural disasters.

scholarly journals The Role of Sense of Coherence and Social Capital on Perceived Risk: The Salutogenic Model Approach on Flood Survivors in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 884 (1) ◽  
pp. 012017
Author(s):  
H Maulana ◽  
G Gumelar ◽  
G Irianda
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Risk Dimensions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Flood Risk Perception

Abstract The study of flood risk perception has been received growing attention in multi-disciplinary research and practice. Indonesia’s government approach on managing the impact of flood is highly dependence on structural engineering solutions. Few empirical attempts have systematically established to understand whether positive psychological capacity strategy helps flood survivors to overcome the negative impact of flood. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of salutogenic and social capital models on flood risk perception. A national survey was used to collect the data of flood survivors across Indonesia. A battery comprising socio-demographic information, measures of salutogenic variable (sense of coherence), social capital (sense of community and social trust), and individual risk perception on flood was administered to the Indonesian adult (N = 194). This study findings showed that the overall model successfully predicted the perceived risk dimensions. However, different routes of correlation across variables were identified. Discussion and future recommendation are presented with regard to the study finding.

scholarly journals Fear of COVID-19, Risk Perception and Stress Level in Polish Nurses During COVID-19 Outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Joanna Dymecka ◽  
◽  
Anna Machnik-Czerwik ◽  
Jakub Filipkowski ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Severe Stress ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Results

Introduction. The outbreak of COVID-19 disease causes severe stress in health care workers, especially nurses. Nurses are at high risk of contracting the disease, as well as an increased risk of developing mental health symptoms such as fear, anxiety and work-related stress. Aim. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between fear of COVID-19, risk perception, perceived threat and stress in Polish nurses during COVID-19 outbreak. Material and Methods. 106 nurses participated in the study. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FOC-6), Risk of Contracting COVID-19 Scale and Perceived Threat of COVID-19 Scale were used in the study. Results. It has been shown that perceived stress, fear of COVID-19, perceived risk and threat are at high level. All the variables related to the perception of COVID-19 threat were significantly correlated with the perceived stress. The strongest relationship was between the risk of infection and perceived stress. Risk perception was statistically significant predictor of perceived stress. Conclusions. Polish nurses experience severe stress and perceive COVID-19 as a significant threat for their health and safety. In addition to protecting medical personnel from infection, nurses experiencing the highest levels of stress should be given psychological care and support, which could prevent the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their mental health. (JNNN 2021;10(1):3–9)

Impact of risk perception on customer purchase behavior: a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-96
Author(s):  
Zhihong Li ◽  
Yongzhong Sha ◽  
Xuping Song ◽  
Kehu Yang ◽  
Kun ZHao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Effect Estimate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Risk perception is an essential factor affecting how individuals evaluate risk, make decisions and behave. The impact of risk perception on customer purchase behavior has been widely studied; however, the association has been debated. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between risk perception and customer purchase behavior and to examine factors that could moderate it. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted a meta-analysis of this relationship and examined factors that could moderate it. Six databases were comprehensively searched. Two reviewers independently selected the studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed quality. Pearson's r was used as the effect estimate. A total of 33 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Findings The results revealed a negative relationship between risk perception and customer purchase behavior. The geographical region, purchase channel and country development level affected the relationship. The correlation between perceived risk and purchase behavior in European consumers was the highest, followed by the correlation in American consumers; the weakest correlation was found in Asian consumers. For consumers in developed countries, perceived risk had a stronger negative influence on customer purchase behavior than that for consumers in developing countries. The perceived risk of online purchase channels had a stronger negative impact on customer purchase behavior than that of offline purchase channels. Research limitations/implications Risk perception is a useful context in which to explain barriers to customer purchase behavior. In addition, reducing consumers’ risk perception and perfecting the market transaction process with respect to buying behavior should be further studied. Originality/value The findings of this review indicate a direct negative relationship between risk perception and customer purchase behavior. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this review is the first to meta-analytically summarize the impact of risk perception on customer purchase behavior in social sciences research, and it also illuminates new perspectives for future studies.

Audit quality, media coverage, environmental, social, and governance disclosure and firm investment efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Hammami ◽  
Mohammad Hendijani Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Media ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to introduce two determinants of environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure transparency, namely, audit quality and public media exposure; and second, to investigate the impact of ESG transparency on firm-level investment efficiency. Design/methodology/approach Ordinary least square (OLS) regressions are applied to explore the relationship between the two variables of interest (audit quality and public media exposure) and ESG transparency on a sample of publicly listed Canadian firms during the period 2008 to 2017. Then, an econometric model is used to investigate the association between ESG transparency and investment efficiency under two identified scenarios, under-investment and over-investment. Findings Results show that audit quality and public media exposure are two main drivers of ESG transparency, hence, commitment to high-quality audits and exposure to high public media coverage drive firms to disclose more extensive and transparent ESG information. The authors also find a negative association between ESG transparency and firm-level investment inefficiency. Thus, ESG transparency generates influential incremental information that helps mitigate the information asymmetry between firms and stakeholders while fostering better resource allocation through investment efficiency. Originality/value This study contributes to the corporate social responsibility (CSR) and ESG literature by identifying audit quality and public media exposure as two determinants of ESG transparency; and by noting that higher ESG transparency has a significant economic effect on capital investment decisions through higher firm-level investment efficiency.

Risk perceptions, on-farm handling, and food safety practices among egg producing farmers in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwanhatai Thongpalad ◽  
Sushil Koirala ◽  
Anil Kumar Anal
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Safety Practices ◽  
Content Type ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

PurposeSafe food from animal origins rely on preventive measures adopted at the farm level. However, farmers' awareness on the food safety risk is limited, affecting their on-farm activities. Thus, this study was conducted to assess and compare the farmers' perceptions on food safety issues and risks caused by the management and practices at layer farms.Design/methodology/approachFarmers from 143 farms certified by National Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) standard and 59 non-GAP farms were interviewed using a structured questionnaire for risk perception evaluation. Their level of perceived risk was compared using a scoring system.FindingsThe food safety hazards in eggs seem to be fairly recognized by both groups of farmers. GAP farmers demonstrated a higher risk of food safety incidences caused by inappropriate management and practices in farms than non-GAP farmers (p < 0.001). Although the results did not confirm the strong connection between risk perception and risk reduction behavior, these findings are beneficial to the food safety policy implementers to evaluate the critical issues for risk communication and for knowledge dissemination activities. The influence of other internal and external factors on farmers' food safety-related behavior should be further investigated.Research limitations/implicationsThe impact limitation was identified due to the restriction of scope on a specific population and region. The target respondents did not cover all scales, especially the backyard and smallholder farmers nor other rearing systems, such as free-range productions.Originality/valueThe knowledge regarding the food safety practices by egg producing farmers in Thailand is limited. Notably, this study contributes to the literature in elucidating the preventive behavior of food handlers and all stakeholders in the Thai food supply chain. The implementations of food safety preventive measures by two groups of farmers, GAP-certified and non-GAP-certified farmers, will guide policymakers to intervene more successfully regarding the appropriate changes needed.

scholarly journals Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneil Malhotra ◽  
Sanjay Sharma ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Young Athlete ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
The Impact

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in a young person is a rare but tragic occurrence. The impact is widespread, particularly in the modern era of media coverage and visibility of social media. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is reported historically as the most common cause of SCD in athletes younger than 35 years of age. A diagnosis of HCM may be challenging in athletes as pathological hypertrophy of the left ventricle may also mimic physiological left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in response to exercise. Differentiation of physiological LVH from HCM requires an array of clinical tools that rely on detecting subtle features of disease in a supposedly healthy person who represents the segment of society with the highest functional capacity. Most studies are based on comparisons of clinical tests between healthy unaffected athletes and sedentary individuals with HCM. However, data are emerging that report the clinical features of athletes with HCM. This article focuses on studies that help shed further light to aid the clinical differentiation of physiological LVH from HCM. This distinction is particularly important in a young person: a diagnosis of HCM has significant ramifications on participation in competitive sport, yet an erroneous diagnosis of physiological adaptation in a young athlete with HCM may subject them to an increased risk of SCD.

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