Misperception of Exponential Growth: Are People Aware of Their Errors?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-280
Author(s):  
Henning Cordes ◽  
Bryan Foltice ◽  
Thomas Langer
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Pocket Calculator ◽  
Intuitive Judgment ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Harmful Effects

Previous research shows that individuals make systematic errors when judging exponential growth, which has harmful effects for their financial well-being. This study analyzes how far individuals are aware of their errors and how these errors are shaped by arithmetic and conceptual problems. Whereas arithmetic problems could be overcome using computational assistance like a pocket calculator, this is not the case for conceptual problems, a term we use to subsume other error drivers like a general misunderstanding of exponential growth or overwhelming task complexity. In an incentivized experiment, we find that participants strongly overestimate the accuracy of their intuitive judgment. At the same time, their willingness to pay for arithmetic assistance is too high on average, often much above the actual benefits a calculator provides. Using a multitier system of task complexity we can show that the willingness to pay for arithmetic assistance is hardly related to its benefits, indicating that participants do not really understand how the interplay of arithmetic and conceptual problems shape their errors in exponential growth tasks. Our findings are relevant for policymaking and financial advisory practice and can help to design effective approaches to mitigate the detrimental effects of misperceived exponential growth.

When history perpetuates stereotypes and narratives: The burden of historical representations on well-being

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Boateng
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Historical Representations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Harmful Effects

Previous research outlined that historical representations of different groups underlie stereotypes and prejudice. Considering the gap in the literature on historical representations and their potential impact on the well-being of Africans, we hypothesised that historical representations of Africans and perceptions of these representations among Africans (N = 225 in Europe relate to well-being outcomes in that population. Furthermore, we predicted that the relationship between historical representations and well-being is mediated by stereotype confirmation concerns and social identification. Consistent with our predictions, historical representations were associated with poorer well-being. Particularly, historical representations were related to increased anxiety and low self-esteem through their relationship with stereotype confirmation concerns. Social identity mitigated the harmful effects of historical representations on self-esteem. However, social identity did not mediate the association between historical representations and anxiety. Our findings highlight the effects of historical representations on well-being.

Hotel-like hospital rooms’ impact on patient well-being and willingness to pay

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 3006-3025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney Suess ◽  
Makarand Amrish Mody
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hospital Room ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Supportive Design

Purpose The study aims to examine how features that foster a sense of control, create positive distractions and provide access to social support influence patients’ well-being and, subsequently, their likelihood to choose hotel-like hospital rooms and their willingness to pay higher out-of-pocket expenses for such rooms. While there is increasing evidence to suggest the importance of the provision of hospitality in healthcare settings, research on these developments remains under-represented, particularly in the hospitality literature. In response, the present study builds on Ulrich’s (1991) theory of supportive design to examine patient responses to hotel-like features in a hospital room. Design/methodology/approach Using data from a survey of 406 patients, the authors used structural equation modeling to test the model. Findings Consistent with supportive design principles, the infusion of hotel-like features that foster a sense of control for patients, create positive distractions and provide access to social support was found to positively impact patients’ physical and mental well-being, which, in turn, increased their likelihood to choose a hospital room with hotel-like features and their willingness to pay for such rooms. Practical Implications Findings attest to the need for healthcare providers to make the necessary investment in hotel-like features and to leverage the communicative power of these environmental cues. Social support in the form of hospitality-trained and certified healthcare staff was found to be the most important hotel-like feature, which also presents significant commercial opportunities for hospitality companies and professionals. Originality Value The study represents one of the first attempts to empirically develop a structured model to examine the infusion of hospitality into healthcare. It provides researchers with a theoretically supported framework for future inquiry into the domain. It also makes a significant contribution to advancing the research on patient well-being in healthcare settings and demonstrates the importance of hospitality to such endeavors.

How much is a calorie worth? A study of willingness to pay for calorie labels in restaurant menus

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
SANA RAFIQ
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Caloric Consumption ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe asked individuals about their willingness to pay (WTP) either: (1) for a mandate requiring restaurants to post calorie information on their menus; or (2) to avoid such a mandate. On average, more people were in in favor of the mandate and were willing to pay four times more than those who were against it, thereby leading to a Kaldor–Hicks improvement from this policy. To ensure robustness, we tested the impact of providing three types of information during individuals’ WTP determinations: (1) visual examples of the proposed calorie labels; (2) data on their effectiveness at the individual level; and (3) data on their wider social and economic benefits. For those in favor, providing a simple visual of the label had no impact on WTP. Data on the individual effectiveness of the labels increased the WTP, while evidence on broader obesity reduction and economic benefits reduced it. For opponents, WTP did not change with provision of additional information except when provided with information on social and economic benefits. Under this condition, the opponents increased their WTP 12-fold to avoid a mandate of this policy. Finally, we measured individual well-being under this policy and found directionally similar results, confirming a net improvement in aggregate welfare. Our results suggest that messaging that focuses on private benefits (providing calorie information so that individuals can effectively choose to reduce excessive caloric consumption) rather than wider public benefits (reduction in overall health-related costs and obesity) is more likely to be effective.

scholarly journals The psychological impacts of COVID-19: a study of frontline physicians and nurses in the Arab world

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
N. Al Mahyijari ◽  
A. Badahdah ◽  
F. Khamis
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Harmful Effects

Objectives: The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2) pandemic is wreaking havoc on healthcare systems and causing serious economic, social, and psychological anguish around the globe. Healthcare workers (HCWs) who diagnose and care for COVID-19 patients have been shown to suffer burnout, stress, and anxiety. Methods: In this study, we collected data from 150 frontline HCWs who had close contact with COVID-19 patients at several health facilities in the Sultanate of Oman. The participants completed an online survey that included the Perceived Stress Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Results: The study found that a substantial number of healthcare professionals experienced relatively high levels of stress and anxiety, as well as suboptimal levels of well-being. Perceived stress and anxiety were significant predictors of HCWs’ well-being. Conclusions: This study adds to the increasing literature indicating harmful effects of COVID-19 on the mental health of HCWs.

The Effects of Chocolates Given by Patients on the Well-Being of Nurses and their Support Staff

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.T. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Support Staff ◽  
Common Reason ◽  
Sensory Qualities ◽  
Hospital Wards ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Chocolate has a number of extremely appealing sensory qualities, and often are given by patients to those working in hospital wards as a token of their gratitude. This study examines whether this has any harmful effects. Eighty nine qualified nurses, 21 ward assistants, and 18 nursing students completed a structured questionnaire, showing that on average 5.4 chocolates were eaten each day. About 2/3 of the recipients ate 1–5 chocolates a day, while a few (3% ) ate more than 20 per day. The most common reason given for eating them was simply because they were there. However, a quarter felt that a healthier alternative would be an adequate alternative gift. Around a third of those surveyed felt that the chocolates had a detrimental effect on their well-being. It is unlikely that chocolates will ever be scarce on hospital wards because there is a never-ending supply from grateful patients. Consequently, it will be difficult to restructure the chocolate-eating habits of those working on hospital wards.

scholarly journals Prevalence and correlates of alcohol consumption in Northeast states, India (evidence from district levels household survey: 2012-13)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeetendra Yadav ◽  
Subhash Gautam ◽  
Kh Jitenkumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Educated Person ◽  
Harmful Effects

Background: Despite the increased awareness of adverse effects of alcohol consumption, India is a one of the countries with high prevalence of alcohol use. The third round of National Family Health Survey (2005-06) estimated that 32% men consume alcohol. Evidence suggests the magnitude of alcohol use is likely to be higher among Northeast who residing in adverse geographical settings.  The objective of the study was to analyzed prevalence and determinants of alcohol use in Northeast states, India.Methods: The study using data from the fourth round of District Level Household Survey (2012-13). The outcome variables included in the study was alcohol consumption. The study used bivariate and multivariate to determine the prevalence, differentials and determinants of alcohol consumption.Results: The result shows that alcohol consumption was significantly high among the young age group of 25-34 years. The prevalence of alcohol consumption was high among male as compared to female and alcohol consumption is slightly low among more educated person. Alcohol consumption was high in Meghalaya and Mizoram as compared to other Northeast states.Conclusions: We conclude by this study that, the prevalence of alcohol consumption in Northeast was very high and alarming. There are really an important health concerns and they need to be counselled about the ill effect of alcohol consumption. Establishment of de-addiction centers or strong referral to de-addiction centers among those consuming alcohol is a might be a novel step for well-being of Northeast people. Government specially, Doctors and media should play their roles and spread information regarding harmful effects of alcohol consumption.

An Economic Perspective on Employee Participation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marsden ◽  
Almudena Cañibano
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Conceptual Problems ◽  
Participatory Practices ◽  
Selection Of

The approach of this article is to look at participation against the canvas of the employment relationship, its organization, core processes, and their outcomes for organizational performance and social well-being. The article starts with a brief historical overview of developments over the past forty years because it is useful to set theories in their wider historical context: why people posed the questions they did at a particular time. It then reviews a selection of the major theoretical approaches that illustrate the broad tent which encompasses the ‘economic approach’. The article considers the diffusion and the ecology of participatory practices and how these have been interpreted. Next, it presents a partial survey of recent quantitative work on the performance effects of participatory practices updating that of Levine and Tyson. Finally, the article examines some of the conceptual problems posed by these studies.

Job demand and employee well-being

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1150-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazia Nauman ◽  
Usman Raja ◽  
Inam Ul Haq ◽  
Waqas Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Service Organizations ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Demand ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The extant research on emotional labor (EL) has focused on positive and negative outcomes observed in the workplace; however, many fundamental questions remain unanswered. The research has yet to consider what factors buffer the negative outcomes of EL. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between workload job demand and employee well-being with mediating effects of surface acting (SA) and moderating effects of emotional intelligence (EI) in service organizations. Design/methodology/approach The authors used two wave data from a sample of 207 emergency medical technicians to test the hypotheses. Findings By integrating SA, EI and employee well-being with the conservation of resource theory, the authors found evidence of an indirect effect of workload job demand on emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction via SA. The results of moderated mediation show that the negative relationship between SA and job satisfaction was low when EI was high and the positive relationship between SA and emotional exhaustion was low when EI was high. Research limitations/implications A major limitation of the present study is that all the participants were male and drawn from a single profession within the same organization. Another limitation is that the data were collected through self-reports. Practical implications This research has important theoretical and practical implications for service organizations wishing to buffer the harmful effects of SA on employees. This study presents key theoretical implications for the EL and well-being literatures. An important practical implication is that EI is a good resource for managing SA’s negative outcomes. Originality/value The current study contributes to the extant research by showing that workload job demands have negative effects on employee well-being via SA resulting in reduced job satisfaction and increased emotional exhaustion. Further, the negative outcomes of SA on employee well-being can be buffered through EI by taking EI as an emotional resource. High level of EI helps employees to mitigate the harmful effects of SA.

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