OBJECTIVE: To determine the specific morphology of the pituitary gland in children with severe isolated GH deficiency due to GH-1 gene mutations (IGHD type II). DESIGN: The pituitary gland morphology in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of children with IGHD type II was analyzed and compared with the findings in a group of children with comparably severe IGHD of unknown origin. In addition, the birth histories of both groups were studied. SUBJECTS: Thirteen children with IGHD type II were diagnosed in seven European children's hospitals and they carried a corresponding GH-1 gene mutation. For comparison, we selected from a group of 66 MRI-studied GH-insufficient subjects diagnosed in our clinic, all children with severe IGHD (all GH peaks <4 microg/l) who had no GH-1 gene mutation, no first-grade relative with IGHD and no septo-optic dysplasia. METHODS: Sagittal and coronal images of the brain were analyzed for the presence of any malformation of the pituitary gland and the intracranium. The height of each adenohypophysis was measured in a strict midline sagittal image for quantification of the gland's size. In addition, patients' files were reviewed for birth trauma or breech delivery. RESULTS: Normal MRI morphology of the pituitary gland was observed in all patients of the familial IGHD type II group (P<0.003) in which, however, five of thirteen patients (38%) exhibited a mild hypoplasia of their gland (mean sagittal adenohypophysial height -1.0+/-0.03 SD score (SDS)). In contrast, the pituitary gland in the idiopathic group showed a definitive malformation with hypoplasia of pituitary stalk and adenohypophysis in all cases, while ectopia of the neurohypophysis was present in nine of the ten cases. The adenohypophysis was significantly smaller in the idiopathic group (mean sagittal adenohypophysial height -3.2+/-0.3 SDS) (P<0.0001). All thirteen birth histories in the familial group (IGHD type II) were unremarkable while, in the idiopathic group, three of eight available birth histories recorded a breech delivery or traumatic birth (37.5%) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows for the first time that MRI pituitary morphology may correlate with the etiology of severe IGHD: normal morphology suggests the presence of GH-1 gene mutations, while severe hypoplasia with malformation have other causes which might include so far unknown genetic defects as well as traumatic insults.
UKPDS 31: Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha (the MODY3 gene) mutations in late onset Type II diabetic patients in the United Kingdom