scholarly journals Placebo-controlled comparison of using lidocaine or ketamine to reduce the pain during injection of propofol containing a mixture of medium-chain triglyceride/long-chain triglyceride

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Mustafa Muhlis Alparslan ◽  
Koray Ak ◽  
Emine Dinçer ◽  
Cevdet Düger
Keyword(s):  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Long Chain Triglyceride

Gastric Lipolysis and Fat Absorption in Preterm Infants: Effect of Medium-Chain Triglyceride or Long-Chain Triglyceride-Containing Formulas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margit Hamosh ◽  
Joel Bitman ◽  
Teresa H. Liao ◽  
N. R. Mehta ◽  
R. J. Buczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Lipase Activity ◽  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Fat Absorption ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Long Chain Triglyceride

The extent of gastric lipolysis, fat absorption, and infant weight gain was studied in 12 preterm infants (gestational age 28.75 ± 0.50 weeks, postnatal age 6.08 ± 0.81 weeks) fed medium-chain triglyceride or long-chain triglyceride formula for 1 week in a crossover design. The former formula contained 42% of 8:0 and 10:0 and 19% of 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0; the latter formula contained only 7% of 8:0 and 10:0 and 46% of 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0. Gastric aspirates were obtained on the second and third day of formula feeding for quantitation of lipase activity and of the extent of gastric lipolysis. Fat balance studies were conducted during the last three days of each feeding regimen. The study showed that (1) there was marked hydrolysis of formula fat in the stomach during feeding of either medium-chain triglyceride formula or long-chain triglyceride formula (20% and 16%, respectively); (2) lipase activity in the gastric aspirates was less during feeding of medium-chain triglyceride formula than before the meal, which suggested stimulation of lipase secretion by long-chain fatty acid released from long-chain triglyceride formula fat or more rapid binding of lipase to ingested lipid in the medium-chain triglyceride formula; (3) fatty acid distribution in glycerides and free fatty acids showed preferential release of medium-chain (8:0, 10:0) and long-chain unsaturated (18:1, 18:2) fatty acids in the stomach. The low content of 8:0 and 10:0 in gastric triglyceride and free fatty acids suggested that medium-chain fatty acids were absorbed directly in the stomach. (4) fat balance studies showed almost identical absorption rates (84.6% ± 3.1% and 82.8% ± 4.0%) and weight gain (23.0 ± 1.5 g/d and 20.8 ± 1.8 g/d) during feeding of either medium-chain triglyceride or long-chain triglyceride formula. In this study, in which each infant was fed either formula alternately, it was shown that although the extent of fat digestion varied among infants, medium-chain and long-chain triglyceride were absorbed to the same extent by most infants.

Effect of a 0.5% Dilution of Propofol on Pain on Injection during Induction of Anesthesia in Children

2007 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Soltész ◽  
Malte Silomon ◽  
Gerhard Gräf ◽  
Thomas Mencke ◽  
Sabiha Boulaadass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Serum Triglyceride ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Serum Triglycerides ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Pain On Injection ◽  
Pain Reaction ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Long Chain Triglyceride

Background Pain on injection of propofol in children has been reported to be as high as 30-80%. The reason for the pain is assumed to be the aqueous phase of the propofol emulsion. Therefore, for the first time, this study tested the hypothesis that dilution of propofol to a 0.5% emulsion might reduce the incidence of pain during propofol injection. Methods The study design was prospective, monocenter, double-blind, and randomized. Sixty-four children aged 2-6 yr were scheduled to receive 0.5% or 1.0% propofol in a medium-chain-triglyceride/long-chain-triglyceride emulsion. Incidence and intensity of pain were assessed by spontaneous expressions of pain and withdrawal of the arm. In a subgroup of 21 children, serum triglyceride levels were measured before and 3 and 20 min after induction. Adverse events were recorded. Results Amounts of propofol required until loss of eyelash reflex were 4.40+/-1.01 mg/kg for 0.5% propofol and 4.31+/-0.86 mg/kg for 1.0% propofol. Percentages of children who showed at least one pain reaction were 23.3% in the 0.5% propofol group and 70.0% in the 1.0% propofol group (P<0.001). Serum triglycerides were higher in the 0.5% propofol group 3 and 20 min after injection (251.7 vs. 148.8 mg/dl; P=0.001 and 135.5 vs. 75.5 mg/dl; P=0.03). Adverse events or complications did not occur. Conclusions Dilution of propofol to a 0.5% medium-chain-triglyceride/long-chain-triglyceride emulsion reduced pain effectively during injection in children aged 2-6 yr. Cumulative doses until 4-5 mg/kg propofol led to moderate increases of triglyceride levels and did not result in significant adverse events.

Studies of the absorption and enterohepatic circulation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in the rat

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1368-1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Laher ◽  
G. A. Chernenko ◽  
J. A. Barrowman
Keyword(s):  
Biliary Excretion ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Systemic Availability ◽  
Safflower Oil ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Long Chain Triglyceride

This study was undertaken to examine intraluminal factors which might alter the bioavailability of an orally ingested hydrocarbon carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, and to assess the extent of its enterohepatic circulation. Rats with biliary and duodenal fistulae were administered radiolabelled hydrocarbon dissolved in olive oil, safflower oil, or medium-chain triglyceride only or with exogenous bile. Subsequent biliary excretion and plasma levels of radiolabel were monitored. Luminal bile significantly enhanced biliary recovery of radiolabel following instillation in both long-chain triglyceride vehicles, but did not affect the recovery from the medium-chain oil. In the presence of luminal bile, plasma levels and biliary recovery of radiolabel using the medium-chain triglyceride were significantly less than with either long-chain triglyceride. Following intraduodenal infusions of the radiolabelled biliary products of the carcinogen, 33% of the administered radiolabel was subsequently reexcreted in the bile within 24 h. This study, therefore, demonstrates that, while bile is not absolutely necessary for the uptake of this orally ingested hydrocarbon carcinogen, it significantly facilitates absorption from a long-chain triglyceride vehicle. Under physiological conditions, a long-chain triglyceride vehicle will provide greater systemic availability than a medium-chain vehicle for the hydrocarbon, which then undergoes extensive biliary excretion and recycling.

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