scholarly journals Unemployment: Walras’s voluntary and Keynes’s involuntary

Equilibrium ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
Ezra Davar Davar
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Point ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Supply Curve ◽  
Supply Function ◽  
Horizontal Segment ◽  
Involuntary Unemployment ◽  
Aggregate Supply ◽  
The Difference ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Right

This paper shows that Keynes’s involuntary unemployment derives from Walras’s voluntary unemployment by means of changing the characteristic of the aggregate supply curve (function) of labour. On the one hand, when the original aggregate supply function is a strong-ly increasing function, as in Walras’s approach, there might only be voluntary unemployment, and its magnitude is the difference between the available quantity of labour and the equilibrium point. On the other hand, if the supply curve of labour is a weakly increasing one, which means that the supply function may have a horizontal segment, then there might be involuntary unemployment if the equilibrium point is located be-tween boundary points of the horizontal segment, and the magnitude of involun-tary unemployment is the difference between the right boundary point of the hori-zontal segment and an equilibrium point. According to Walras’s approach, “forced unemployment” might also might be considered, which is the result of the intervention of external forces (government, monopoly, trade unions, and so on) into the market, and is therefore a disequilibrium phenomenon.

Profit and Supply for Farms and Firms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Davis ◽  
Elena L. Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Supply Curve ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Supply Function ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cost Differences

Chapter 12 begins by explaining why firms exist. The chapter then presents some data on the diversity of commodity production and profitability by farm size. The analytics of profit maximization when the firm operates in a competitive environment and is a price taker are then presented. The chapter determines the rule that guides production in order to maximize profit when the firm is a price taker. This analysis leads to a derivation of the firm’s (farm’s) supply curve. The chapter also explains what factors may cause a shift in the supply curve. The chapter explains the difference then between the supply curve and the supply function for a commodity. The chapter closes by emphasizing the main point of this chapter: any consideration of growing alternative commodities must consider revenue and cost differences.

Legal Update: North Dakota Supreme Court: Third Edition of Guides is “Most Current”

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
James J. Mangraviti
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Hip Motion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Hip Rotation ◽  
Hip Extension

Abstract The accurate measurement of hip motion is critical when one rates impairments of this joint, makes an initial diagnosis, assesses progression over time, and evaluates treatment outcome. The hip permits all motions typical of a ball-and-socket joint. The hip sacrifices some motion but gains stability and strength. Figures 52 to 54 in AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fourth Edition, illustrate techniques for measuring hip flexion, loss of extension, abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation. Figure 53 in the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition, illustrates neutral, abducted, and adducted positions of the hip and proper alignment of the goniometer arms, and Figure 52 illustrates use of a goniometer to measure flexion of the right hip. In terms of impairment rating, hip extension (at least any beyond neutral) is irrelevant, and the AMA Guides contains no figures describing its measurement. Figure 54, Measuring Internal and External Hip Rotation, demonstrates proper positioning and measurement techniques for rotary movements of this joint. The difference between measured and actual hip rotation probably is minimal and is irrelevant for impairment rating. The normal internal rotation varies from 30° to 40°, and the external rotation ranges from 40° to 60°.

Implementasi Sistem Informasi Monitoring Pengolahan Data Inventory Gudang Pada PT.Talaga Mulya Indah

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Nurlaila Suci Rahayu Rais ◽  
Dedeh Apriyani ◽  
Gito Gardjito
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Unified Modeling Language ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Unified Modeling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Monitoring of warehouse inventory data processing is an important thing for companies. PT Talaga mulya indah is still manual using paper media, causing problems that have an effect on existing information, namely: problems with data processing of incoming and outgoing goods. And the difference between data on the amount of stock of goods available with physical data, often occurs inputting data more than once for the same item, searching for available data, and making reports so that it impedes companies in monitoring inventory of existing stock of goods. Which aims to create a system that can provide updated information to facilitate the warehouse admin in making inventory reports, and reduce errors in input by means of integrated control. In this study, the authors used the data collection method used in this analysis using the method of observation, interviews, and literature review (literature study). For analysis using the PIECES analysis method. Furthermore, the system design used is UML (Unified Modeling Language). The results of this study are expected to produce the right data in the process of monitoring inventory data processing, also can provide the right information and make it easier to control the overall availability of goods.

Konsep Pemerintahan Religius dan Demokrasi Menurut Abdul Karim Soroush dan Ayatullah Khomeini

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 438-473
Author(s):  
M. Heri Fadoil
Keyword(s):  
Religious System ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Ayatollah Khomeini ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

Abstract: Abdul Karim Soroush judges that religious rule is incorrect assessment of the application of Islamic jurisprudence. In a religious society, Islamic jurisprudence obtains the right to govern. It is, of course, necessary to establish a kind of Islamic jurisprudence-based religious rule. Soroush firmly rejects it because such interpretation is too narrow. As for democracy, Soroush argues that the system used is not necessarily equal to that of the Western. On the contrary, Ayatollah Khomeini’s thoughts on religious rule are reflected in the so called wilayat al-faqih. It is a religious scholar-based government. Democracy, according to him, is the values of Islam itself, which is able to represent the level of a system to bring to the country’s progress. Principally, there are some similarities between the ideas of Ayatollah Khomeini and those of Abdul Karim Soroush in term of religiosity. They assume that it is able to sustain the religious system of government. The difference between both lies on the application of religiosity itself. Ayatollah Khomeini applies the concept of a religious scholar-based government, while Abdul Karim Soroush rejects the institutionalization of religion in the government or state.Keywords: Governance, democracy, Abdul Karim Soroush, Ayatollah Khomeini

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

scholarly journals Sacrificing Oneself or Another: The Difference Between Prescriptive and Normative Judgments in Moral Evaluation

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329411989606
Author(s):  
Štěpán Bahník ◽  
Emir Efendic ◽  
Marek A. Vranka
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Moral Evaluation ◽  
Normative Judgment ◽  
Question Wording ◽  
Judgment Type ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Sacrifice ◽  
Normative Judgments

When asked whether to sacrifice oneself or another person to save others, one might think that people would consider sacrificing themselves rather than someone else as the right and appropriate course of action—thus showing an other-serving bias. So far however, most studies found instances of a self-serving bias—people say they would rather sacrifice others. In three experiments using trolley-like dilemmas, we tested whether an other-serving bias might appear as a function of judgment type. That is, participants were asked to make a prescriptive judgment (whether the described action should or should not be done) or a normative judgment (whether the action is right or wrong). We found that participants exhibited an other-serving bias only when asked whether self- or other-sacrifice is wrong. That is, when the judgment was normative and in a negative frame (in contrast to the positive frame asking whether the sacrifice is right). Otherwise, participants tended to exhibit a self-serving bias; that is, they approved sacrificing others more. The results underscore the importance of question wording and suggest that some effects on moral judgment might depend on the type of judgment.

scholarly journals Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rusek ◽  
Joanna Baran ◽  
Justyna Leszczak ◽  
Marzena Adamczyk ◽  
Rafał Baran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pelvic Obliquity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Older Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The main goal of our study was to determine how the age of children, puberty and anthropometric parameters affect the formation of body composition and faulty body posture development in children. The secondary goal was to determine in which body segments abnormalities most often occur and how gender differentiates the occurrence of adverse changes in children’s body posture and body composition during puberty. The study group consisted of 464 schoolchildren aged from 6–16. Body posture was assessed with the Zebris system. The composition of the body mass was tested with Tanita MC 780 MA body mass analyzer and the body height was measured using a portable stadiometer PORTSTAND 210. The participants were further divided due to the age of puberty. Tanner division was adopted. The cut-off age for girls is ≥10 years and for boys it is ≥12 years. The analyses applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis and the t-test. The accepted level of significance was p < 0.05. The pelvic obliquity was lower in older children (beta = −0.15). We also see that age played a significant role in the difference in the height of the right pelvis (beta = −0.28), and the difference in the height of the right shoulder (beta = 0.23). Regression analysis showed that the content of adipose tissue (FAT%) increased with body mass index (BMI) and decreased with increasing weight, age, and height. Moreover, the FAT% was lower in boys than in girls (beta negative equal to −0.39). It turned out that older children (puberty), had greater asymmetry in the right shoulder blade (p < 0.001) and right shoulder (p = 0.003). On the other hand, younger children (who were still before puberty) had greater anomalies in the left trunk inclination (p = 0.048) as well as in the pelvic obliquity (p = 0.008). Girls in puberty were characterized by greater asymmetry on the right side, including the shoulders (p = 0.001), the scapula (p = 0.001) and the pelvis (p < 0.001). In boys, the problem related only to the asymmetry of the shoulder blades (p < 0.001). Girls were characterized by a greater increase in adipose tissue and boys by muscle tissue. Significant differences also appeared in the body posture of the examined children. Greater asymmetry within scapulas and shoulders were seen in children during puberty. Therefore, a growing child should be closely monitored to protect them from the adverse consequences of poor posture or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body.

scholarly journals Elderly’s preferences towards rehabilitation robot appearance using electroencephalogram signal

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxin Sun ◽  
Wenkui Jin
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Living ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Rehabilitation Robots ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Analysis Experiment ◽  
Prefrontal Region ◽  
Important Means ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Robot Appearance ◽  
The Right

AbstractRehabilitation robots are becoming an important means of assisted living for the elderly, and the appearance of rehabilitation robots directly affects the willingness of the elderly to interact with the robots. Much of the current research on robot appearance preferences relies solely on subjective evaluations, which are relatively cheap, but do not reach deep into the brain to get an accurate grasp of how humans respond to robot appearance. Using electroencephalogram signal and questionnaire survey, we studied the preference of the elderly for abstract and figurative robots. The experimental materials are derived from the pictures of 10 robots in the market. The electroencephalogram signal are collected by BrainVision Recorder and processed by BrainVision Analyzer, as well as SPSS statistical analysis. Experiment shows that the peak of figurative robot pictures is higher and the fluctuation is more intense from 350 ms to 600 ms in the central region and the right half of parietal region. While the peak of abstract robot pictures is higher and the fluctuation is more intense in the prefrontal region, and the difference between abstract robot and figurative robot is not obvious in the occipital region. Based on the electroencephalogram signal and experimental results, it provides the possibility for objective preference evaluation of the elderly to the robot designed features.

scholarly journals Elastic Simulation of Joints with Particle-Based Fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6900
Author(s):  
Su-Kyung Sung ◽  
Sang-Won Han ◽  
Byeong-Seok Shin
Keyword(s):  
Principal Stress ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Yield Condition ◽  
Maximum Principal Stress ◽  
Human Motion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Elastic Simulation

Skinning, which is used in skeletal simulations to express the human body, has been weighted between bones to enable muscle-like motions. Weighting is not a form of calculating the pressure and density of muscle fibers in the human body. Therefore, it is not possible to express physical changes when external forces are applied. To express a similar behavior, an animator arbitrarily customizes the weight values. In this study, we apply the kernel and pressure-dependent density variations used in particle-based fluid simulations to skinning simulations. As a result, surface tension and elasticity between particles are applied to muscles, indicating realistic human motion. We also propose a tension yield condition that reflects Tresca’s yield condition, which can be easily approximated using the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the principal stress to simulate the tension limit of the muscle fiber. The density received by particles in the kernel is assumed to be the principal stress. The difference is calculated by approximating the moment of greatest force to the maximum principal stress and the moment of least force to the minimum principal stress. When the density of a particle increases beyond the yield condition, the object is no longer subjected to force. As a result, one can express realistic muscles.

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