scholarly journals Social Development and International Trade in Central Europe

Equilibrium ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Andrzej Cieślik ◽  
Jan Jakub Michałek ◽  
Jerzy Mycielski
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Standard Set ◽  
The Impact

In this paper we study the impact of social development on international trade in Central and Eastern Europe using the generalized gravity model. Many previous empirical studies which explored the determinants of trade flows, concentrated only on traditional gravity variables, such as the size of trading partners, factor abundance, technology differences or distance. In our study, in addition to the standard set of gravity variables, we examine the role of aggregate social development indicators such as Human Development Index and its components. Our results show that both aggregate and disaggregate measures of social development affect the volume of international trade flows. In particular, the education indexes seem to be positively related to bilateral trade flows.

scholarly journals The Formation of AFTA and Trade Diversion: Evidence from China’s Agricultural Exports

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Nguyen Khanh Doanh ◽  
Jeehoon Lee ◽  
Yoon Heo
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows

This study analyzes the impacts of the formation of AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Agreement) on China’s agricultural exports. The Hausman-Taylor analysis is applied to panel data collected from China and its 68 trading partners from 1993–2012. Our major findings areas follows. First, the discrimination in tariffs imposed by AFTA diverts trade in agricultural products from China toward AFTA’s member countries. Second, at the sectoral level, the trade diversion effects of AFTA’s formation on China’s exports are significant in the case of beverage and tobacco industries. AFTA and China need to focus more on diversifying and differentiating their farming products. To gain better access to AFTA’s market, more investment in research and development activities is recommended as a cure for Chinese farmers. Moreover, this study implies that more efforts in reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to further liberalize trade between China and AFTA could enhance their bilateral trade flows.

scholarly journals Revising Emission Responsibilities through Consumption-Based Accounting: A European and Post-Brexit Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Fezzigna ◽  
Simone Borghesi ◽  
Dario Caro
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

International trade shifts production of a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in traded goods from the importing country to the exporting country. The European Union (EU) plays a prominent role in the flow of international-related emissions as it accounts for the second largest share of global exports and imports of goods. Consumption-based accountings (CBA) emerged as alternative to the traditional emission inventories based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. According to the IPCC criteria, countries where products are consumed take no responsibility for the emissions produced by exporter countries, thus neglecting the emissions embodied in trade. By taking this aspect into account, CBA are considered of great importance in revealing emissions attributed to the final consumer. Using a CBA approach, this paper evaluates the impact of international trade in the EU in terms of CO2 emissions, looking both at the internal trade flows within the EU-28 and at the external trade flows between the EU and the rest of the world during the period 2012–2015. We find that the EU is a net importer of emissions as its emissions due to consumption exceed those due to production. In particular, in 2015 the ratio between import- and export-embodied emissions was more than 3:1 for the EU-28 that imported 1317 Mt CO2 from the rest of the world (mainly from China and Russia) while exporting only 424 Mt CO2. Concerning emissions flows among EU countries, Germany represents the largest importer, followed by the UK. To get a deeper understanding on possible environmental implications of Brexit on UK emission responsibilities, the paper also advances a few hypotheses on how trade flows could change based on the existing trade patterns of the UK. Data analysis shows that a 10% shift of UK imports from EU partners to its main non-EU trading partners (India, China, and US) would increase its emission responsibility by 5%. The increase in UK emission responsibility would more than double (+11%) in case of a 30% shift of UK imports. Similar results would apply if UK replaced its current EU partners with its main Commonwealth trading partners as a result of Brexit.

scholarly journals The Trade Effect of the EU’s Preference Margins and Non-Tariff Barriers

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Maria Cipollina ◽  
Federica Demaria
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Trade Effect ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Impact

Nowadays, trade negotiations afford both liberalism- and protectionism-oriented policies. Indeed, in recent decades, the developed countries have been actively engaged in negotiating many preferential agreements to integrate developing countries (DCs) into world trade and encourage their economic growth, but many of these schemes contrast with the complex rules, often imposed on international markets, that still are an obstacle for exporters. Their presence and related costs reduce the importance of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in increasing trade flows. This article attempts to assess the impact of preferential trade policies on trade flows controlling for different non-tariff barriers (NTBs), using a structural gravity model. The analysis uses disaggregated data, registered in the year 2017, on EU imports (defined at level HS-6 digit) from a large number of exporters (187 developed and developing countries) and also includes the intra-EU trade. Our results show robust and positive estimates for the impact of preferences on bilateral trade flows, however, higher non-tariff barriers are likely to play a role in reducing both the extensive margins of trade, and so tariff preferences alone are not sufficient to access international markets. The impact of NTBs on the intensive margin of trade is ambiguous; some measures may act as catalysts and therefore increase trade, and others may act as an additional cost of trade and thus hinder trade.

scholarly journals International trade and endogenous standards: the case of GMO regulations

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAURO VIGANI ◽  
VALENTINA RAIMONDI ◽  
ALESSANDRO OLPER
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Approval Process ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Gmo Regulation ◽  
Bilateral Differences

AbstractThis paper quantifies the effect of GMO regulation on bilateral trade flows of agricultural products. We develop a composite index of GMO regulations and using a gravity model we show that bilateral differences in GMO regulation negatively affect trade flows. This effect is especially driven by labeling, approval process, and traceability. Our results are robust to the endogeneity of GMO standards to trade flows.

Skilled Labor Immigration and External Trade in Malaysia: A Pooled Data Analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan Chuie Hong ◽  
A. Solucis Santhapparaj
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Gravity Models ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Skilled Immigration ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper attempts to further the immigrant-link literature by applying, for the first time, gravity models to Malaysia. Specifically the paper seeks to quantify the impact upon Malaysia's bilateral trade flows of ASEAN and non-ASEAN skilled immigration, and to identify the underlying mechanisms underpinning this relationship. The results indicate that skilled immigration positively affects both the imports and exports of Malaysia. Immigrant-link is stronger between Malaysia and ASEAN countries than to non-ASEAN countries. The magnitude of the elasticity with respect to trade is larger for imports than for exports. Skilled immigrants' demand for native products outweighs the business-links formed between Malaysian trading partners.

scholarly journals Effects of COVID-19 on trade flows: Measuring their impact through government policy responses

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258356
Author(s):  
Javier Barbero ◽  
Juan José de Lucio ◽  
Ernesto Rodríguez-Crespo
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Gravity Model Of Trade ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 on bilateral trade flows using a state-of-the-art gravity model of trade. Using the monthly trade data of 68 countries exporting across 222 destinations between January 2019 and October 2020, our results are threefold. First, we find a greater negative impact of COVID-19 on bilateral trade for those countries that were members of regional trade agreements before the pandemic. Second, we find that the impact of COVID-19 is negative and significant when we consider indicators related to governmental actions. Finally, this negative effect is more intense when exporter and importer country share identical income levels. In the latter case, the highest negative impact is found for exports between high-income countries.

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONS AND INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE IN CEFTA 2006: A GRAVITY APPROACH

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Łukasz Klimczak ◽  
Jelena Trivić
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that had an influence on bilateral trade flows among the CEFTA countries with special emphasize: 1) on the role of CEFTA agreement and its preceding network of bilateral free trade agreements, and 2) on the role of institutions in facilitating intra-regional trade. In order to assess the impact of these variables on trade, we employed an augmented gravity model based on panel data of the CEFTA countries in fifteen years period (2000-2014). The results of the research suggest that there was a positive and statistically significant role of the CEFTA agreement on trade between its parties but the influence of the preceding bilateral free trade agreements was even higher. Results also showed that institutions can play an important role as trade facilitators, but mainly in the importing country while in the exporting country only three of six variables showed to have a positive sign.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHIC DISTANCE EFFECTS ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE FLOWS AS A PUBLIC POLICY: EVIDENCE FROM EAC AND NAFTA COUNTRIES.

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2540-2549
Author(s):  
Laetitia Byukusenge ◽  
Song Wei ◽  
Delphine Tuyishime
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Distance Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows

Previous studies have shown that the geographic distance is among the factors that can typically results in diminished trade flows between two or more countries. As the international trade is one among the public policies, the governments of countries have to take control policies about their imports and exports after signing some trade contracts or agreements of eliminating trade barriers between trade countries. This paper analyzes and compares how the geographic distance affects the international trade flows of developed and developing countries‟ economies and becomes the obstacle to the developing countries to achieve their objectives and goals in eliminating trade barriers between their trading partners. The gravity model with panel data sets for period of 2008 to 2011 are used to determine the geographic distance effects in those countries. The sample size is bilateral trade flows of eight developing countries with lower income of EAC and two developed countries and one developing country with middle income of NAFTA. The study discovers that the various factors influence the geographic distance effects on international trade flows of developed and developing countries in different ways. This paper recommends that the signed policies between countries should be observed, maintained and followed in order to achieve expected objectives.

scholarly journals The impact of pest risk management measures on trade: the case of apples from France and Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
DeMaria Federica ◽  
Drogue Sophie ◽  
Lubello Pasquale
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Export Strategy ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pest Risk

AbstractIn this article, we investigate how pest risk management protocols may affect trade flows of fresh apples. We apply our analysis to two major players in the international trade of fresh apples: France and Chile. These two countries have been chosen because they are among the world’s leading apple exporters and although they have similar market shares, they differ in terms of destination markets, seasonality, local conditions and export strategy. In order to assess the impact of pest risk management protocols on international trade of apples from France and Chile, we introduce in a gravity equation beside the traditional variables, a score able to measure their complexity. The results are interesting in the sense that even if the score for France and Chile by main trading partners are rather close, we found that French apples exporters would be more impacted by pest risk management protocols than their Chilean counterparts.

Alliances, Preferential Trading Arrangements, and International Trade

1997 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D. Mansfield ◽  
Rachel Bronson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Political Incentives ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Preferential Trading ◽  
Preferential Trading Arrangements ◽  
Type Of Institution

We analyze the effects of alliances and preferential trading arrangements on bilateral trade flows. Both factors are likely to promote trade among members, but we argue that the interaction between them is central to explaining patterns of commerce. The combination of an alliance, which creates political incentives for participants to engage in trade, and a commercial institution, which liberalizes trade among members, is expected to provide a considerable impetus to commerce among parties to both. The results of our quantitative analyses support these arguments. Both alliances and preferential trading arrangements strongly affected trade from 1960 to 1990, and allies that included a major power conducted considerably more trade than their nonmajor-power counterparts. Moreover, the interaction between alliances and preferential trading arrangements is fundamental to explaining patterns of bilateral commerce: Parties to a common preferential trading arrangement and a common alliance engage in markedly greater trade than do members of either type of institution but not both.

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