EVOLUTION OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE PARTICIPANTS OF ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDING IN RUSSIA IN 19th — BEGINNING OF 20th CENTURY

10.12737/899 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
Владимир Захаров ◽  
Vladimir Zakharov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Civil Justice ◽  
Court Reform ◽  
Civil Cases

The article presents the analysis of the evolution of the legal status of the main participants in the context of enforcement proceedings of the court reform and civil justice in the 19th — early 20th century. Conclusions on the expansion of the scope of rights and obligations of the creditor and the debtor as a result of the transition from a public to a mixed model of enforcement of judgments in civil cases.

Russian Empire’s Religious Institutions in the 18th - Early 20th Century: The Evolution of “Friend - Alien - Foe” Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-31
Author(s):  
Alexandre Yu. Bendin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Institutional Relations ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian governments three principal institutions to regulate the empires diverse religions from the 18th to the early 20th century are examined. Its author describes the evolution of these bodies, their features and purpose, as well as defining the concept of religious security by analyzing its specific historical content. The author also discusses the relationship between the institutions of the official Russian Church, religious tolerance for foreign confessions, and discrimination against the Old Believers through the prism of friend - alien - foe relations. This approach helps us understand the hierarchical nature of the relations and contradictions that existed between the institutions, whose activities regulated the religious life of the Russian Empires subjects until 1905. The article goes on to analyze the relationship between the official legal status of the Russian Church, imperial tolerance, and religious discrimination. It concludes that the formation of the three state-religious institutions that began in the 18th century ended during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. That time saw the beginning of the gradual evolution of friend - alien - foe inter-institutional relations, which peaked under Emperor Nicholas in 1904-1906. The author also considers the changes in the governments policy towards the Russian schism of the 17th century, which ultimately removed the friend-or-foe opposition in the relations between the Russian state, the Russian Church and the schismatic Old Believers. In accordance with the modernized legislation on religious tolerance, lawful Old Believers and sectarians moved from the category of religious and political foes to that of aliens, to which foreign confessions traditionally belonged. Under the new legal and political conditions, intolerance and religious discrimination against the schism ceased to be an instrument of state policy.

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