Marine Scientific Research and the Argo Program: International Law Regulation

10.12737/4827 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Юлия Боброва ◽  
Yuliya Bobrova ◽  
Владимир Голицын ◽  
Vladimir Golitsyn
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
International Law ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Executive Secretary ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
High Seas

The article is devoted to the consideration of an issue of “marine scientific research” as it is regulated under international law and the applicable Russian legislation. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the relevant provision of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter UNCLOS) governing the conduct of marine scientific research in territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, the international seabed area beyond national jurisdiction, high seas. The article is outlined the general principles of the conduct of marine scientific research which shall be conducted exclusively for peaceful purposes. Draws attention to marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf which shall be conducted with the consent of the coastal State. Emphasis is made on the analysis of legal aspects of the Argo Programme, launched for the purpose of conducting marine scientific research with the use of drifting buoys. The article considers practical and legal issues that arise in connection with the adoption in light of the relevant provisions of UNCLOS of the of international documents related to the Argo Programme, namely: Resolution XX-6 of the Assembly of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (1999); the Guidelines for the Implementation of Resolution XX-6 of the IOC Assembly regarding the deployment of profiling floats in the High Seas within the framework of the Argo Programme (2008). In accordance with it, an IOC Member State must be informed in advance of the deployment in the High Seas of any float within the framework of the Argo Programme that may enter its EEZ. In implementing this provision, the Executive Secretary of IOC will invite all IOC Member States to state that they wish to be notified of it. In this light, denotes the position of the Russian Federation on the Argo Programme as marine scientific research and its wish to be notified of the deployment in the High Seas of all Argo Programme floats that may enter its EEZ.

12. Maritime delimitation and associated questions

2019 ◽  
pp. 267-279
Author(s):  
James Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
International Law ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Economic Zone

This chapter discusses international law governing territorial sea delimitation, continental shelf delimitation (including beyond 200 nm), exclusive economic zone delimitation, and the effect of islands upon delimitation.

Assessment of Canada’s continental shelf beyond 200 NM

GEOMATICA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
David H. Gray
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Continental Shelves ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Legal Jurisdiction

Since 1945, the legal jurisdiction off the coasts of States has changed from being a 3 mile territorial sea to a series of bands of territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf. The paper summarizes the historical development of these zones. Now that Canada has submitted its claim for continental shelves beyond the 200 nautical mile (NM) limit to the United Nations’ Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), the author calculates estimates for the size of Canada’s continental shelf beyond 200 NMs in both the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and assesses the effect of the counter-claims by its neighboring States.

11. The territorial sea and other maritime zones

2019 ◽  
pp. 241-266
Author(s):  
James Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
International Law ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Economic Zone

This chapter discusses international law governing the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone/fisheries zone, and other zones for special purposes such as defence.

The Underwater Cultural Heritage and Marine Scientific Research in the Exclusive Economic Zone

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Croff
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
International Law ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
Unesco Convention ◽  
Historical Objects ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper reviews the relationship between activities aimed at the underwater cultural heritage and marine scientific research in the exclusive economic zone, in particular the question of whether or not underwater cultural heritage research can be classified as marine scientific research. The study examines the definitions, practice, and jurisdiction of each, according to the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, and States’ current practice. By revising the current interpretation of international law, underwater cultural heritage research can potentially be classified as marine scientific research. The inclusion of archaeology as marine science would have implications that would open up new rights and responsibilities of coastal and research States, as both fulfill their duties to protect and preserve archaeological and historical objects found on the seabed.

scholarly journals Lietuvos jūros erdvių delimitavimo teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai

Teisė ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
Zenonas Kumetaitis ◽  
Indrė Isokaitė
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
The Republic

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama viena iš aktualiausių tarptautinės jūrų teisės temų – jūros erdvių delimitavimo klausimai. Lietuvos teritorinės jūros, kontinentinio šelfo ir išskirtinės ekonominės zonos delimitavimo as­pektai atskleidžiami delimitavimo teorijos ir praktikos kontekste. Delimitavimo klausimai nagrinėjami atliekant išsamią šiuolaikinės, taip pat prieškarinės jūros erdvių delimitavimo teorijos ir praktikos analizę, detaliai aptariant delimitavimą reglamentuojančias Jungtinių Tautų jūrų teisės konvencijos nuostatas, visapusiškai atskleidžiant esminių delimitavimo principų ir reikalavimų – teisingumo, „neužgožimo“ ir kt. – esmę, pateikiant nuoseklų derybų su Rusijos Federacija, Latvijos Respublika ir konsultacijų su Švedijos Karalyste dėl teritorinių vandenų, išskirtinės ekonominės zonos ir kontinentinio šelfo delimitavimo Baltijos jūroje aptarimą bei parodant priimtų sprendimų ryšį su tarptautine delimitavimo teorija ir praktika. The Article deals with one of the most important topics in International Sea Law, i.e. the issues of delimi­tation of maritime zones. The aspects of the delimitation of the territorial sea, continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Lithuania are revealed in the light of the relation between the delimitation theory and practice. The provided research on the delimitation issues is based on the detailed analysis of the modern delimitation theory and practice as well as of that effective in the pre-war period, on the comprehensive consideration of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea regulating delimitation, on the disclosure of the essence of the key delimitation principles and requi­rements such as equity, avoidance of a “cut-off” effect etc., on a consistent overview of the Lithuania’s negotiations with the Russian Federation and the Republic of Latvia as well as consultations with the Kingdom of Sweden regarding the delimitation of the territorial waters, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, and also on the revealed relation between the reached delimitation decisions and in­ternational delimitation theory and practice.

Marine Scientific Research in Japan’s Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-293
Author(s):  
Sookyeon Huh
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Legal Instrument ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
State Practice ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
The United Nations

Abstract This article examines Japan’s state practices on marine scientific research (MSR). The survey of state practices requires the discernment of generalisability and particularity in each state practice. There are two points to note while considering the generalisabilities and particularities in Japan’s practices: first, Japan oversees MSR activities in its waters according to a non-legal instrument or a guideline, unlike neighbouring countries that use domestic legislation in MSR upon ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; second, Japan faces quite a few MSR incidents in its undelimited exclusive economic zone. Thus, this article covers an outline of Japan’s guideline, its response to illegal or unregulated MSR activities in its waters, its relationships with neighbouring countries, and the failure of its attempt to legislate the MSR Law in 2007.

Introductory Note

2019 ◽  
pp. 421-428
Author(s):  
Tullio Treves
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
International Law ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
International Tribunal ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Introductory Note ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
The Law

This Note focuses on the Judgment handed out by a special Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in a dispute concerning delimitation of maritime areas between Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire. This is the only decision of substance of ITLOS during 2017. Among the elements of particular interests of the Judgment the following should be noted. First, the consideration and rejection of the argument that oil concession practice may constitute a tacit agreement. Second, the reliance, however limited to this case, as regards delimitation of the territorial sea on the same methodology used for the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, namely, the equidistance/relevant circumstances methodology. Third, the distinction between the function of the Chamber in delimiting the continental shelf beyond 200 nm and that of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in delineating the outer limits of the shelf. Fourth, the examination of the question of whether the Chamber had jurisdiction to decide on questions of responsibility, and of the applicability of customary international law thereto. Fifth, the statement that to adjudicate on the claim that Ghana had contravened the Chamber’s Order on provisional measures belonged to the Chamber’s “inherent competence”. Sixth, the analysis of the regime of contested areas in light of Article 83 of UNCLOS.

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