The Criteria for the System of Scientific Knowledge

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
Губанов ◽  
Nikolay Gubanov ◽  
Губанов ◽  
N. Gubanov
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Verification ◽  
Base Component ◽  
Paradoxical Situation ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Empirical Material

The authors marked and characterized four sets of criteria: 1) the criteria for scientific knowledge, 2) the criteria for the truth of knowledge, and 3) the criteria for cultural research, 4) the criteria for independence of science. All these four sets of criteria related to each other and partially overlap. The mixing of these criteria makes it difficult to develop the problems of the philosophy of science. The existing trend of rejection of the category of truth manifests itself in proposals to replace it with the concepts of reliability, credibility, sense. Such position creates a paradoxical situation of self-referencing: if there is no truth, then what is approved by postmodernists and domestic authors, is also not truth. Therefore, the consistent implementation of the provisions of the postmodern leads them to self-destruct. The leading criterions of truth have the empirical evidence. Its base component is a statistically significant observation. It operates as a pure supervision or as supervision in the composition of practices, including experiment. Derivative of empirical verification by criteria of truth are logical provability, heuristic, simplicity and beauty. The criteria for scientific knowledge are conclusiveness (rationality), noncontradiction, empirical verifiability, repeatability of empirical material, general meaning, systematicity (coherence), essentiality, uniqueness of terms, developmental potency. On the basis of these criteria the authors give the generalized definition of scientific knowledge.

scholarly journals Beneficial and harmful explanatory machine learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lun Ai ◽  
Stephen H. Muggleton ◽  
Céline Hocquette ◽  
Mark Gromowski ◽  
Ute Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Human Learning ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Self Learning

AbstractGiven the recent successes of Deep Learning in AI there has been increased interest in the role and need for explanations in machine learned theories. A distinct notion in this context is that of Michie’s definition of ultra-strong machine learning (USML). USML is demonstrated by a measurable increase in human performance of a task following provision to the human of a symbolic machine learned theory for task performance. A recent paper demonstrates the beneficial effect of a machine learned logic theory for a classification task, yet no existing work to our knowledge has examined the potential harmfulness of machine’s involvement for human comprehension during learning. This paper investigates the explanatory effects of a machine learned theory in the context of simple two person games and proposes a framework for identifying the harmfulness of machine explanations based on the Cognitive Science literature. The approach involves a cognitive window consisting of two quantifiable bounds and it is supported by empirical evidence collected from human trials. Our quantitative and qualitative results indicate that human learning aided by a symbolic machine learned theory which satisfies a cognitive window has achieved significantly higher performance than human self learning. Results also demonstrate that human learning aided by a symbolic machine learned theory that fails to satisfy this window leads to significantly worse performance than unaided human learning.

Aristotle’s Definition of Scientific Knowledge (APo 71b 9–12)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Angioni
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Posterior Analytics ◽  
Way Of Knowing ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

In Posterior Analytics 71b9–12, we find Aristotle’s definition of scientific knowledge. The definiens is taken to have only two informative parts: scientific knowledge must be knowledge of the cause and its object must be necessary. However, there is also a contrast between the definiendum and a sophistic way of knowing, which is marked by the expression “kata sumbebekos”. Not much attention has been paid to this contrast. In this paper, I discuss Aristotle’s definition paying due attention to this contrast and to the way it interacts with the two conditions presented in the definiens. I claim that the “necessity” condition ammounts to explanatory appropriateness of the cause.

Through the prototypes of through: A corpus-based cognitive analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-70
Author(s):  
Gaëtanelle Gilquin ◽  
Andrew McMichael
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Historical Origin ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
L1 Acquisition

Abstract This paper empirically tests a number of criteria proposed in the literature to identify the prototype of a linguistic category in order to see how they compare with each other - and what this can tell us about the concept of prototypicality. The item under investigation is through, and the starting point is an intuition-based definition of prototypical through. The different criteria are frequency of use, ease of elicitation, historical origin, patterns in L1 acquisition and patterns in L2 use. All instances of through retrieved for testing each of these criteria are classified according to a taxonomy couched in Construction Grammar terms. The findings confirm the special status of the intuition-based prototype of through (the [X moves through Y] construction) according to some of the criteria, but also reveal divergent results, in particular a central use of the instrumental prepositional phrase with through. Conclusions are drawn about the theoretical concept of prototypicality and its possible multi-faceted nature, and more generally about the place of empirical evidence in Cognitive Linguistics.

“I Know Correlation Doesn’t Prove Causation, but . . .”: Are We Jumping to Unfounded Conclusions About the Causes of Sexual Offending?

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin L. Nunes ◽  
Chloe I. Pedneault ◽  
W. Eric Filleter ◽  
Sacha Maimone ◽  
Carolyn Blank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Methodological Rigor ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
Information Sensitivity ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency

Identifying causes of sexual offending is the foundation of effective and efficient assessment, intervention, and policy aimed at reducing sexual offending. However, studies vary in methodological rigor and the inferences they support, and there are differences of opinion about the conclusions that can be drawn from ambiguous evidence. To explore how researchers in this area interpret the available empirical evidence, we asked authors of articles published in relevant specialized journals to identify (a) an important factor that may lead to sexual offending, (b) a study providing evidence of a relationship between that factor and sexual offending, and (c) the inferences supported by that study. Many participants seemed to endorse causal interpretations and conclusions that went beyond the methodological rigor of the study they identified. Our findings suggest that some researchers may not be adequately considering methodological issues when making inferences about the causes of sexual offending. Although it is difficult to conduct research in this area and all research designs can provide valuable information, sensitivity to the limits methodology places on inferences is important for the sake of accuracy and integrity, and to stimulate more informative research. We propose that increasing attention to methodology in the research community through better training and standards will advance scientific knowledge about the causes of sexual offending, and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of practice and policy.

scholarly journals The Digital Culture of Industry in the Transition to Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 278 ◽  
pp. 03019
Author(s):  
Irina Levitskaya ◽  
Martin Straka
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Digital Culture ◽  
Sociocultural Perspective ◽  
Cultural Reconstruction ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methodological Position

The digital transformation of economic and social sectors is conditioned by the need for a critical reflection of the cultural processes taking place in modern society under the influence of transition to sustainable development. The latter is accompanied with decreasing of waste and pollution, expanding of lean production, settling the new nonmaterial industries. Therefore, it is critically important to form special cultural conditions for industry digitalization – not for increasing use of natural resources, but for decreasing harmful influence on environment. The purpose of this article is an analytical review of the theory and methodology of the analysis of digital culture in the historical and sociocultural perspective. The analysis of modern theories of digital culture and approaches to the analysis of its formation, historical and cultural reconstruction of the formation of digital culture, the definition of the conceptual apparatus of digital culture research and information processes is carried out from a methodological position, according to which cultural research is based on the principles of historicism and functionality, priority of sustainable development values.

scholarly journals UKRAINIAN REALIA OF THE XIX CENTURY AND ITS TRANSLATION (BASED ON THE POEM “KATERINA” BY TARAS SHEVCHENKO)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
E.I. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Real World ◽  
Species Replacement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Entire Array

The article is written in line with current research, since the problem of studying Ukrainian realities is of unquestionable interest for several reasons. First, understanding the realities will promote bettermutual understanding of different peoples; and secondly, the definition of optimal means of translating the realities is a definite contribution to the general theory of translation. Different types of real-world classifications are proposed, the difficulties associated with the adequate transfer into the translated text of an entire array of cultural information encoded in the realities contained in the origina text are investigated. Basing on the analysis of numerous translations of literary works, Ukrainian researchers (R. Zorivchak, V. Koptilov, O. Kundzich, O. Cherednichenko, etc.) show ways to overcome linguistic obstacles caused by cultural differences. But, as far as we know, the problem of the translation of Ukrainian realities in the works of T. Shevchenko is not yet exhaustively highlighted. The purpose of this article is to analyze the peculiarities of the use of realities in the work of Taras Shevchenko "Katerina" and their translation into English. We have given an ideographic classification of lexical units - Ukrainian realities in fiction and analyzed such means of their translation as calque, renomination, transcription with explanation, the introduction of neologism, the principle of generic-species replacement, which allows  conveying (approximately) the content of the realities by a broader, general meaning, that is, the reception of generalization. The results of our analysis allow us to make an ideographic classification of Ukrainian realities that are used in fiction, as well as to summarize the prevalence of their means of translation. Prospects for further research are seen in the analysis of certain translation failures in the translation of realities and to offer the best options for their translation.

scholarly journals The image of mother in multi-structural languages (based on the material of the Russian and Tuvan languages)

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 189-197
Author(s):  
Alena Vasil'evna Zharnikova ◽  
Chechek Sergeevna Tsybenova
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Word ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
Empirical Material

This article analyzes the image of mother in the Russian and Tuvan languages based on the results of associative experiment. The key goal of this cross-cultural research is consists in comparison and determination of the constant meanings underlying this image and its ethnocultural peculiarities in the linguistic consciousness of native speakers of multi-structural languages. The object of this research is the verbal associations for the stimulus word “mother” in the linguistic consciousness of the Russian and Tuvan people. The empirical material is acquired in the course of experimental methods and viewed from the perspective of the fragments of linguistic consciousness, which reflect the image of the world of a particular culture. The practical value of the work is defined by the relevant contrastive study of the lexicon from the category of universal images, as well as by possibility of application of the obtained results in translation studies, cross-cultural communication, linguoculturology, and lexicography. The scientific novelty lies in carrying out a psycholinguistic interpretation of the associative fields "mother" and “ie”, examination of their field stratification, comparison of fragments of the core of linguistic consciousness of the Russian and Tuvan people. The selected image id describe through the prism of its archetypal nature. The conducted analysis reveals that the perception of a particular stimulus word in linguistic consciousness of a person is impacted not only by ethnic and sociocultural factors, but by the corresponding language norms as well.

Sakāmvārda kā valodas vienības īpašības

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Olga Billere
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Empirical Material

The existence of various approaches to attributing the proverb to different branches of linguistics is due to the narrow, often intuitive, understanding of its meaning as an ancient, generalized and transmitted one of folk descent. The similarity with units of paremiology, as defined in explanatory and terminological dictionaries, brings even more confusion to the issue of delimiting recited forms. Indeed, aphorisms, apophthegms, maxims are semantically and structurally very similar to proverbs because, like proverbs, they are concise, often self-sufficient statements of an instructive nature, which are read, understood, and interpreted independently of the surrounding text. All these recited forms also have a stable syntactic and semantic structure, and, at first glance, it is difficult to judge which of the expressions is an aphorism, a maxim, an apothegm, and which a proverb. Thus, analyzing the features of the proverb as a language unit, that is, its similarity with other oral art forms, semantic and syntactic completeness and autonomy, and its bipartite structure, as well as determining common and different features of paremiological units, the most complete definition of the proverb and criteria for delimiting recited forms may be found. Here, autonomy means the feature of a unit to be in any part of speech, and completeness – the unit’s functioning as a self-sufficient expression. The attention is also paid to the bipartite structure, as most units (approx. 65%) are rhythmically constructed compound or complex sentences. The research is based on French, Russian, and Latvian theoretical and empirical material; the sources of the units are dictionaries and collections of proverbs in three languages compiled in the 20th century.

The essence of deprivation of the right to engage in certain activities as a punishment for an offense under Art. 264 of the Criminal Code

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Ольга Александровна Беларева
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Paradoxical Situation ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Principle Of Justice ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

В статье рассматривается сущность лишения права заниматься определенной деятельностью как обязательного дополнительного наказания за преступление, предусмотренное ст. 264 УК РФ. В большинстве приговоров по ст. 264 УК РФ дополнительное наказание сформулировано как лишение права заниматься деятельностью, связанной с управлением транспортным средством. Однако использование в приговорах единой формулировки не снимает вопросов, связанных с толкованием объема назначенных судом ограничений. Автором выделены два подхода к определению содержания понятия «транспортные средства»: широкий, включающий все виды транспортных средств, и узкий, включающий только механические транспортные средства. Анализ судебных решений позволяет сделать вывод об отсутствии единообразного подхода к определению содержания наказания в виде лишения права заниматься деятельностью, связанной с управлением транспортными средствами. Показано, что в практике применения наказания за преступления, предусмотренные ст. 264 УК РФ, сложилась парадоксальная ситуация: лицо, нарушившее правила дорожного движения, лишается права управления всеми видами транспортных средств. По мнению автора, такая ситуация нарушает принцип справедливости: характер наказания не соответствует характеру совершенного преступления. В целях единообразного применения уголовного закона Пленуму Верховного суда РФ следует разъяснить, что суды должны конкретизировать вид транспортных средств, права управления которыми лишается осужденный, исходя из характера совершенного преступления. The article deals with the essence of deprivation of the right to engage in certain activities as a mandatory additional punishment for a crime under Art. 264 of the Criminal Code. In most of the sentences under Art. 264 of the criminal code additional punishment is formulated as deprivation of the right to engage in activities related to driving. However, the use of a single wording in sentences does not remove questions of interpretation of the scope of the court's limitations. The author identifies two approaches to the definition of the concept of “vehicles”: wide, including all types of vehicles, and narrow, including only mechanical vehicles. Analysis of court decisions leads to the conclusion that there is no uniform approach to determining the content of the penalty in the form of deprivation of the right to engage in activities related to the management of vehicles. The article shows that in the practice of punishment for the crimes provided for in the Art. 264 the criminal code, there is a paradoxical situation: a person who violates the rules of the road, is deprived of the right to control all types of vehicles. According to the author, this situation violates the principle of justice: the nature of the punishment does not correspond to the nature of the crime committed. For the purpose of uniform application of the criminal law to the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation it is necessary to explain that courts have to specify a type of vehicles which right of management is deprived condemned, proceeding from character of the committed crime.

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