The Multilateral International Treaties Regulating the Legal Regime of the Arctic

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Владислав Авхадеев ◽  
Vladislav Avkhadeev
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Emergency Rescue ◽  
Intergovernmental Cooperation ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Western Arctic

The modern international legal regime of the Arctic is regulated by multilateral international treaties at all levels of legal regulation: universal, regional and subregional. Universal international treaties regulate the legal status of various objects environment, define the legal status of maritime areas or regulate certain types of human activity, including in relation to the Arctic region. Regional multilateral treaties are concluded between the Arctic states on specific issues of environmental protection and emergency rescue activities. Subregional treaties concluded between states of the Western Arctic for the coordination and optimization of intergovernmental cooperation in the Barents (Euro-Arctic) region. In addition, each of the levels of international legal regulation of the regime of the Arctic has certain drawbacks. Universal international treaties that apply to the Arctic sea areas do not always take into account their specific features. Regional international treaties don´t cover complete circle of relations developing between the Arctic states in the course of their cooperation. Subregional treaties apply only to the Western Arctic, and do not regulate the activities of States in the Eastern Arctic and Central Arctic (North Pole region).

scholarly journals Correlation of branches of law in environmental and legal support of the development of the Arctic region

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 03019
Author(s):  
Elena Nikolaevna Abanina ◽  
Nikolay Ivanovich Makhonko ◽  
Yulia Anatolievna Plotnikova ◽  
Elena Anatolievna Tarasova ◽  
Irina Vasilievna Shvetsova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Arctic Region

The purpose of the study is to analyze individual independent branches of law included in environmental law and their variability in determining special approaches to the development of the Arctic in modern geopolitical conditions. The methodological basis of the research includes the general scientific method and special methods of cognition, such as comparative legal, environmental legal, statistical and empirical. The results of the study are the conclusions from the analysis of the main program and legal documents regulating the development and development of the territories of the Arctic states. Moreover, the attempts to create an adequate system of convergence of national and international legal regulation in order to determine the modern legal regime of the Arctic are discussed herein. The study of international and domestic experience has shown the need for a correlation of individual branches of law (international, administrative, criminal, informational) with the environmental law to provide comprehensive environmental and legal support for the development of the Arctic region. The authors also draw attention to the fact that environmental and legal problems of the development of the Arctic region require a systematic approach. The novelty of the study lies in the conclusion that, despite the fact that each state of the Arctic region has a national strategy for the development of its Arctic territory, on most topical issues these strategies are of a similar nature and have common approaches: scientifically based methods of managing the natural resources of the Arctic region; special methods of socio-economic development; preservation of vulnerable Arctic ecological systems and scientific activities in the field of climate change.

International Legal Regulation of Cooperation of the Russian Federation and Neighboring States in the Arctic on the Basis of Bilateral Treaties

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 0-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Владислав Авхадеев ◽  
Vladislav Avkhadeev
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Bilateral Treaties ◽  
The Arctic Region

The modern Law of the Arctic regime is administered both at the international law and national law levels. International legal regulation of the Arctic regime is exercised at the level of international multilateral and bilateral treaties. Multilateral treaties are aimed primarily to legal relations that govern the regime of Arctic maritime areas, as well as the decision of environmental issues in the region. Bilateral treaties are aimed to regulate the cross-border problems of neighboring countries. First of all, it means resolving contentious issues of delimitation of maritime areas of the Arctic, cooperation in the field of fisheries and mineral resources. Bilateral treaties are binding only for their members and do not create obligations for third countries. In some cases there are collisions between international bilateral and multilateral agreements on matters relating to the delimitation of neighboring maritime areas. Determination of the effectiveness of existing in the Arctic region international treaties and of their future development needs to be monitored.

scholarly journals ISSUES OF INTERNATIONAL-LEGAL AND NATIONAL-LEGAL REGULATION IN THE ARCTIC (COMPARATIVE LAW ANALYSIS)

2016 ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Рашад Курбанов ◽  
Rashad Kurbanov
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
National Level ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Basic Program ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Constitutional Level ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
The Arctic Region

It is not only the eight Arctic countries who have been recently showing their interest in the Arctic areas. Other countries in Europe, Asia, and America claim their presence in the Arctic, even those who are geographically located in a different hemisphere and could hardly be called circumpolar. For example, Germany, Japan, India, South Korea, China, Brazil and about 20 other countries have declared their determination to develop fields in the Arctic shelf areas. Moreover, China, India, Singapore and some other countries have already been developing strategies to use the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic. It is necessary to note that at the constitutional level all Arctic countries regulate issues related to the Arctic in different ways (both directly and indirectly). In particular, most of the constitutions contain provisions on the rights of indigenous peoples which are equally applicable to the Arctic region, as the number of indigenous peoples in the Arctic amounts to about 400 000 people. Besides, at the national level all Arctic countries have basic programs like “Arctic Documents” or a special “Arctic legislation” (except for Finland and Sweden). In this study we analyze the main basic program documents and legal regulations governing this sector in the Arctic countries, define optimal balance between the national and international legal regulation in determining the legal regime in the Arctic region.

scholarly journals Main Directions of Chinese Policy in the Arctic Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Vladimir Pecheritsa ◽  
Shauang Ley
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Chinese Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Arctic Ice ◽  
The Arctic Region

The increase of the Arctic’s energy status and specific economic and strategic importance of the Arctic sea lanes attract attention of many countries, including rapidly developing China. The article investigates in detail the directions of the Beijing arctic strategy, making an emphasis on analysis of the real and possible intentions of the Heavenly Empire China in this region. It shows that the economic and, above all, the energy interests are priorities in China's arctic strategy. The logistics and transport capabilities of the Arctic also arouse an increased interest of China. China has the most active and differentiated research program for studying the Arctic in order to respond to the negative effects of the climate transformations caused by arctic ice melting. This determines the active participation of Beijing in various international scientific and expert discussions on the Arctic's problems. The government of China considers the international legal activity to clarify and institutionalize the legal status of the Arctic as the most important task for itself in the Arctic race.

Prévoir les variations saisonnières de la glace de mer arctique et leurs impacts sur le climat

2020 ◽  
pp. 024
Author(s):  
Rym Msadek ◽  
Gilles Garric ◽  
Sara Fleury ◽  
Florent Garnier ◽  
Lauriane Batté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Recent Effort ◽  
Sea Ice Thickness ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Upper Level

L'Arctique est la région du globe qui s'est réchauffée le plus vite au cours des trente dernières années, avec une augmentation de la température de surface environ deux fois plus rapide que pour la moyenne globale. Le déclin de la banquise arctique observé depuis le début de l'ère satellitaire et attribué principalement à l'augmentation de la concentration des gaz à effet de serre aurait joué un rôle important dans cette amplification des températures au pôle. Cette fonte importante des glaces arctiques, qui devrait s'accélérer dans les décennies à venir, pourrait modifier les vents en haute altitude et potentiellement avoir un impact sur le climat des moyennes latitudes. L'étendue de la banquise arctique varie considérablement d'une saison à l'autre, d'une année à l'autre, d'une décennie à l'autre. Améliorer notre capacité à prévoir ces variations nécessite de comprendre, observer et modéliser les interactions entre la banquise et les autres composantes du système Terre, telles que l'océan, l'atmosphère ou la biosphère, à différentes échelles de temps. La réalisation de prévisions saisonnières de la banquise arctique est très récente comparée aux prévisions du temps ou aux prévisions saisonnières de paramètres météorologiques (température, précipitation). Les résultats ayant émergé au cours des dix dernières années mettent en évidence l'importance des observations de l'épaisseur de la glace de mer pour prévoir l'évolution de la banquise estivale plusieurs mois à l'avance. Surface temperatures over the Arctic region have been increasing twice as fast as global mean temperatures, a phenomenon known as arctic amplification. One main contributor to this polar warming is the large decline of Arctic sea ice observed since the beginning of satellite observations, which has been attributed to the increase of greenhouse gases. The acceleration of Arctic sea ice loss that is projected for the coming decades could modify the upper level atmospheric circulation yielding climate impacts up to the mid-latitudes. There is considerable variability in the spatial extent of ice cover on seasonal, interannual and decadal time scales. Better understanding, observing and modelling the interactions between sea ice and the other components of the climate system is key for improved predictions of Arctic sea ice in the future. Running operational-like seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice is a quite recent effort compared to weather predictions or seasonal predictions of atmospheric fields like temperature or precipitation. Recent results stress the importance of sea ice thickness observations to improve seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice conditions during summer.

scholarly journals Record high Pacific Arctic seawater temperatures and delayed sea ice advance in response to episodic atmospheric blocking

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsubasa Kodaira ◽  
Takuji Waseda ◽  
Takehiko Nose ◽  
Jun Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Atmospheric Blocking ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Highly Correlated

AbstractArctic sea ice is rapidly decreasing during the recent period of global warming. One of the significant factors of the Arctic sea ice loss is oceanic heat transport from lower latitudes. For months of sea ice formation, the variations in the sea surface temperature over the Pacific Arctic region were highly correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). However, the seasonal sea surface temperatures recorded their highest values in autumn 2018 when the PDO index was neutral. It is shown that the anomalous warm seawater was a rapid ocean response to the southerly winds associated with episodic atmospheric blocking over the Bering Sea in September 2018. This warm seawater was directly observed by the R/V Mirai Arctic Expedition in November 2018 to significantly delay the southward sea ice advance. If the atmospheric blocking forms during the PDO positive phase in the future, the annual maximum Arctic sea ice extent could be dramatically reduced.

scholarly journals The potential of sea ice leads as a predictor for summer Arctic sea ice extent

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3747-3757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Xiao Cheng ◽  
Jiping Liu ◽  
Fengming Hui
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
Ice Leads ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice Extent

Abstract. The Arctic sea ice extent throughout the melt season is closely associated with initial sea ice state in winter and spring. Sea ice leads are important sites of energy fluxes in the Arctic Ocean, which may play an important role in the evolution of Arctic sea ice. In this study, we examine the potential of sea ice leads as a predictor for summer Arctic sea ice extent forecast using a recently developed daily sea ice lead product retrieved from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Our results show that July pan-Arctic sea ice extent can be predicted from the area of sea ice leads integrated from midwinter to late spring, with a prediction error of 0.28 million km2 that is smaller than the standard deviation of the observed interannual variability. However, the predictive skills for August and September pan-Arctic sea ice extent are very low. When the area of sea ice leads integrated in the Atlantic and central and west Siberian sector of the Arctic is used, it has a significantly strong relationship (high predictability) with both July and August sea ice extent in the Atlantic and central and west Siberian sector of the Arctic. Thus, the realistic representation of sea ice leads (e.g., the areal coverage) in numerical prediction systems might improve the skill of forecast in the Arctic region.

scholarly journals The role of moisture transport for precipitation in the inter-annual and inter-daily fluctuations of the Arctic sea ice extension

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Gimeno-Sotelo ◽  
Raquel Nieto ◽  
Marta Vázquez ◽  
Luis Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ice Melting ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
Arctic Sea

Abstract. By considering the moisture transport for precipitation (MTP) for a target region to be the moisture that arrives in this region from its major moisture sources and which then results in precipitation in that region, we explore (i) whether the MTP from the main moisture sources for the Arctic region is linked with inter-annual fluctuations in the extent of Arctic sea ice superimposed on its decline and (ii) the role of extreme MTP events in the inter-daily change in the Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) when extreme MTP simultaneously arrives from the four main moisture regions that supply it. The results suggest (1) that ice melting at the scale of inter-annual fluctuations against the trend is favoured by an increase in moisture transport in summer, autumn, and winter and a decrease in spring and, (2) on a daily basis, extreme humidity transport increases the formation of ice in winter and decreases it in spring, summer, and autumn; in these three seasons extreme humidity transport therefore contributes to Arctic sea ice melting. These patterns differ sharply from that linked to the decline on a long-range scale, especially in summer when the opposite trend applies, as ice melt is favoured by a decrease in moisture transport for this season at this scale.

Do We Need a New Legal Regime for the Arctic Ocean?

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alf Håkon Hoel
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Marine Environmental Protection ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Marine Environmental ◽  
Common Understanding

AbstractThis paper surveys matters related to the need for a new legal regime for the Arctic Ocean. It reviews the legal system based on the UN Convention for the Law of the Sea, and the regional and international treaties dealing with resource management, (marine) environmental protection and economic activities applicable to the Arctic. It suggests that implementation of existing legal instruments at the domestic level is a key factor needed to tackle the consequences of climate change and governance of fisheries and marine ecosystems in the Arctic. It is also considered to be the Arctic Council's responsibility to build a common understanding among the stakeholders, thereby enhancing the potential for further international cooperation.

Speleothem record of enhanced hydroclimate during MIS15a in Northeast Greenland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Moseley ◽  
R. Lawrence Edwards ◽  
Christoph Spötl ◽  
Hai Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forcing Mechanisms ◽  
Essential Knowledge

<p>The Arctic region is predicted to be one of the most sensitive areas of the world to future anthropogenically-forced climate change, the consequences of which will affect vast numbers of people worldwide, for instance through changes to mid-latitude weather systems and rising eustatic sea levels. Recent changes in temperature and precipitation, and those projected for the future, indicate that some of the greatest changes will occur in Northeast Greenland. Essential knowledge on the climate history of this region, which can be used to validate models and understand forcing mechanisms and teleconnections, is however absent. Here, we present a speleothem palaeoclimate record for Northeast Greenland (80 °N) that formed during Marine Isotopes Stage 15a  between 588 ka to 537 ka. The record indicates that at that time, Northeast Greenland was warmer and wetter than at present associated with a reduction in Arctic sea ice, thawing of permafrost in eastern Siberia (55 °N and 60 °N), and elevated warm conditions at Lake El’gygytgyn (67.5 °N), Russia.</p>

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