The struggle for Eurasia in the focus of transport geostrategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya Harlamova
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
Transport Project ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
State And Society ◽  
International Transport

The monograph examines the problems that play an important role in the processes of constructing transport geostrategies on the Eurasian continent. In the processes of redrawing the world's spaces, the transport sphere (along with financial and information) often acts as a catalyst for modern transformations. It is emphasized that thanks to transport networks, the economy on a global scale is structured in a completely specific way. To increase the potential of any state and society (the peoples living in it), the creation of conditions for communication community (in the broadest sense) is an integral component of its sustainability. The thesis is proved that the direction of the flow of many global integration or disintegration processes corresponding to the new world conditions depends on the reliable and fast operation of transport communications. Special attention is paid to the concept of the modern Chinese state "One Belt , One Road", which the Chinese elite actively promotes in the external space. Some aspects of the economic and transport development of the Arctic region in the context of the functioning of the Northern Sea Route are considered. Due attention is paid to the special role of Central Asia in the context of these problems, as well as the implementation of the international transport project "North - South". For students and teachers, as well as for anyone interested in economics and politics.

The struggle for Eurasia in the focus of transport geostrategies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Юлия Харламова ◽  
Yulia Kharlamova
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
Transport Project ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
State And Society ◽  
International Transport

The monograph examines the problems that play an important role in the processes of construction of transport geostrategies on the Eurasian continent. In the process of redrawing world spaces, the transport sphere (along with financial and information) often acts as a catalyst for modern transformations. It is emphasized that thanks to transport networks, the economy on a global scale is structured in a very specific way. To increase the potential of any state and society (the peoples living in it), the creation of conditions of communication community (in the broadest sense) is an integral component of its sustainability. The thesis is proved that the direction of flow of many global integration or disintegration processes corresponding to the new world conditions depends on reliable and fast operation of transport communications. Special attention is paid to the concept of the modern Chinese state "one belt - one road", which the Chinese elite actively promotes in the external space. Some aspects of economic and transport development of the Arctic region in the context of the functioning of the Northern sea route are considered. Due attention is paid to the special role of Central Asia in the context of these problems, as well as the implementation of the international transport project "North-South". For students and teachers, as well as for all those interested in Economics and politics.

scholarly journals Is It Time for a Reset in Arctic Governance?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oran R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Great Power ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Ground Zero ◽  
Regime Complex

Conditions in the Arctic today differ from those prevailing during the 1990s in ways that have far-reaching implications for the architecture of Arctic governance. What was once a peripheral region regarded as a zone of peace has turned into ground zero for climate change on a global scale and a scene of geopolitical maneuvering in which Russia is flexing its muscles as a resurgent great power, China is launching economic initiatives, and the United States is reacting defensively as an embattled but still potent hegemon. This article explores the consequences of these developments for Arctic governance and specifically for the role of the Arctic Council. The article canvasses options for adjusting the council’s membership and its substantive remit. It pays particular attention to opportunities for the council to play a role in managing the increasingly complex Arctic regime complex.

scholarly journals The role of moisture transport for precipitation in the inter-annual and inter-daily fluctuations of the Arctic sea ice extension

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Gimeno-Sotelo ◽  
Raquel Nieto ◽  
Marta Vázquez ◽  
Luis Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ice Melting ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
Arctic Sea

Abstract. By considering the moisture transport for precipitation (MTP) for a target region to be the moisture that arrives in this region from its major moisture sources and which then results in precipitation in that region, we explore (i) whether the MTP from the main moisture sources for the Arctic region is linked with inter-annual fluctuations in the extent of Arctic sea ice superimposed on its decline and (ii) the role of extreme MTP events in the inter-daily change in the Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) when extreme MTP simultaneously arrives from the four main moisture regions that supply it. The results suggest (1) that ice melting at the scale of inter-annual fluctuations against the trend is favoured by an increase in moisture transport in summer, autumn, and winter and a decrease in spring and, (2) on a daily basis, extreme humidity transport increases the formation of ice in winter and decreases it in spring, summer, and autumn; in these three seasons extreme humidity transport therefore contributes to Arctic sea ice melting. These patterns differ sharply from that linked to the decline on a long-range scale, especially in summer when the opposite trend applies, as ice melt is favoured by a decrease in moisture transport for this season at this scale.

scholarly journals Five Basic Cornerstones of Sustainability Education in the Arctic

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaarina Määttä ◽  
Sanna Hyvärinen ◽  
Tanja Äärelä ◽  
Satu Uusiautti
Keyword(s):  
Educational Psychology ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Sustainable Education ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Arctic Region

The Arctic region faces many threats but also opportunities due to economic, climate, environmental, cultural, social, professional, educational, and institutional changes, which also necessitate new perspectives on sustainable education. When implementing sustainable education in the Arctic, it is important to increase knowledge and understanding of the special features of Arctic areas—their opportunities and vulnerabilities. In this article, the model of Arctic sustainable education (ASE) has been introduced. It is based on a new kind of lifestyle that illustrates respectful and responsible attitudes toward other people and nature. What are the special features of the teaching and learning of ASE and how to organize it? In this theoretical article, we have discussed the challenges and goals, and possibilities and significance of ASE by leaning on the five cornerstones, concerning learning and teaching of SE in schools and organizations: why, what, how, who, and when. The ASE may provide new ideas to develop sustainable education not just in the Arctic region but also elsewhere as it gets its special opportunities and expectations in a context- and time-bound manner. In conclusion, the role of educational psychology in ASE has been viewed and discussed.

Microphysical cloud parameters of optically thin clouds in the Arctic in summer 2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Richter ◽  
Mathias Palm ◽  
Christine Weinzierl ◽  
Penny Rowe ◽  
Justus Notholt
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Microwave Radiometer ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Open Water ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Amplification ◽  
Cloud Parameters ◽  
Microphysical Properties ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer

<p>As a precursor of the current MOSAiC campaign, the PASCAL campaign took place in summer 2017 around Svalbard [1]. In the scope of the project (AC)3, infrared radiation emitted by clouds was measured using a calibrated Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (EM-FTIR). EM-FTIR can be used for different purposes, like the observation of trace gases or microphysical cloud parameters (MCP) like cloud optical depths and cloud effective droplet radii. In the observation of MCP, EM-FTIR can be used to measure optically thin clouds with very low amounts of liquid water paths below 30 gm-2, where microwave radiometer face problems because of their larger measuring uncertainty. </p><p>The retrieval of the MCP is performed using the newly introduced retrieval code CLARRA [2]. CLARRA shows a high accuracy in the retrieval of MCP from low-level clouds, which were often observed during the measurements. </p><p>The measurements were performed between June 2017 and August 2017 around Svalbard and include measurements of clouds over sea ice and open water. The spatial distribution of the MCP around Svalbard and a comparison to model results will be shown. This dataset can later serve as a reference for the question, how representative the measurements in Ny-Alesund on Spitzbergen are for the nearby arctic region.</p><p>[1] Wendisch et al., 2019: The Arctic Cloud Puzzle: Using ACLOUD/PASCAL Multi-Platform Observations to Unravel the Role of Clouds and Aerosol Particles in Arctic Amplification, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100 (5), 841–871, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0072.1<br>[2] Rowe et al., 2019: Toward autonomous surface-based infrared remote sensing of polar clouds: retrievals of cloud optical and microphysical properties, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5071–5086, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5071-2019</p>

scholarly journals Near real-time adjusted reanalysis forcing data for hydrology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Berg ◽  
Chantal Donnelly ◽  
David Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Data Set

Abstract. Updating climatological forcing data to near current data are compelling for impact modelling, e.g. to update model simulations or to simulate recent extreme events. Hydrological simulations are generally sensitive to bias in the meteorological forcing data, especially relative to the data used for the calibration of the model. The lack of daily resolution data at a global scale has previously been solved by adjusting re-analysis data global gridded observations. However, existing data sets of this type have been produced for a fixed past time period, determined by the main global observational data sets. Long delays between updates of these data sets leaves a data gap between present and the end of the data set. Further, hydrological forecasts require initialisations of the current state of the snow, soil, lake (and sometimes river) storage. This is normally conceived by forcing the model with observed meteorological conditions for an extended spin-up period, typically at a daily time step, to calculate the initial state. Here, we present a method named GFD (Global Forcing Data) to combine different data sets in order to produce near real-time updated hydrological forcing data that are compatible with the products covering the climatological period. GFD resembles the already established WFDEI method (Weedon et al., 2014) closely, but uses updated climatological observations, and for the near real-time it uses interim products that apply similar methods. This allows GFD to produce updated forcing data including the previous calendar month around the 10th of each month. We present the GFD method and different produced data sets, which are evaluated against the WFDEI data set, as well as with hydrological simulations with the HYPE model over Europe and the Arctic region. We show that GFD performs similarly to WFDEI and that the updated period significantly reduces the bias of the reanalysis data, although less well for the last two months of the updating cycle. For real-time updates until the current day, extending GFD with operational meteorological forecasts, a large drift is present in the hydrological simulations due to the bias of the meteorological forecasting model.

scholarly journals The Role of the Russian Language in the Historic and Cultural Development of the Arctic Region of the Russian Federation (as Exemplified by the Murmansk Region)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.15) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Olga Nikolaevna Ivanishcheva ◽  
Anasstasija Vjacheslavovna Koreneva ◽  
Alexandra Vjacheslavovna Burtseva ◽  
Tatjana Alexandrovna Rychkova
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Murmansk Region ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
The Arctic Region

The article aims to analyze the functioning of the Russian language within the ethnic space of the Murmansk Region. The analysis of the state statistical and archive documents for the Murmansk Region has shown that the Russian language has dominated within the region since at least the 18th century, and this had its obvious economic and communicative advantages, in particular, in education. The Saami, the indigenous small-numbered people of the Murmansk Region, understood and mastered the conversational Russian language since the 18th century. The Russian language dominates within the current polyethnic linguistic environment of the Murmansk Region due to the numerical superiority of the Russians in the region, as well as due to its position as the language of the dominant ethnic group. 

scholarly journals Revisiting Russian Presidency in the Arctic Council

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Valery Zhuravel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Shift Method ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
And Control

The article notes that in the period of preparation for the chairmanship of the Arctic Council (2021–2023), in order to further develop the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, new strategic documents, a package of benefits and preferences for business development were prepared and approved, measures were taken for the sustainable development of indigenous peoples, and to increase the role of science in Arctic research. The author draws attention to some unsolved problems of socio-economic development of the Arctic region (outflow of the population, especially young people; shortcomings of the organization of the shift method of work and centralized coordination and control of state orders and supplies to the population of hard-to-reach Arctic regions; violation of environmental requirements). It is emphasized that Russia assumes the post of chairman of the Arctic Council at a difficult time: the coronavirus pandemic, political tensions in relations with the West, including on issues of management and security of the Arctic, economic sanctions from the Arctic states, which creates certain difficulties in the activities in the Arctic direction. The author concludes that the developed program, the plan of main events, the activity of ministries and departments in the next 2 years will allow us to successfully cope with the chairmanship, show our foreign colleagues all the best that is available in the Russian Far North, and contribute to the strengthening of the Arctic Council.

scholarly journals The Arctic Five: search for a balance of power in the region

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-287
Author(s):  
I. S. Doroshenko
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
The Development Strategy ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
The Arctic Region

Due to climate change, the Arctic region becomes a place of geopolitical rivalry of both Arctic and non-Arctic states. Traditional formats for determining the agenda in the region are effective, but with the advent of the interest of an increasing number of international actors, these formats are transforming, which may affect the balance of power in the region. The growing activity of Asian countries in the Arctic, primarily China, is forcing regional states to make adjustments to the development strategy of the region. The rapid renewal of its potential in the northern territories of Russia caused a negative reaction from the western countries, especially after 2014.Such aspirations have emerged as the internationalization of the region by Northern Europe and China, the desire to draw clear boundaries on the part of Russia and Canada, and the buildup of US influence on its colleagues in the North Atlantic bloc. This situation may cause an uncontrolled increase in tension in the region, especially if new alliances between the Arctic and non-Arctic countries are created. The author considers the current approaches of the countries of the Arctic five, analyzes the true motives of internationalization and the role of the format of the Arctic five in maintaining a balance of power and stability in the northern latitudes.

scholarly journals The History of the Soviet Arctic Development in the English-Language Historiography of the Late 20th and the Early 21st Centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-601
Author(s):  
Denis Anan'ev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Arctic Region

In the modern context the Arctic region is considered to be an arena for fierce international competition. The need to address numerous political, economic, legal and environmental issues, connected with this region, compels to rethink the historical experience of its development. The history of the Arctic Zone development made by the Russian Federation (particularly the Soviet period) has been studied both by Russian and foreign scholars. This paper intends to analyze the contemporary English-language publications on this topic; as well as to determine their subject matter and to identify the key trends in the English-language historiography of the Soviet Arctic development. The study has found that the contemporary English-speaking researchers (P. Josephson, J. McCannon, P. Horensma) consider a wide range of issues related to the history of the Soviet Arctic. For instance, the scholars write about the conduct of scientific research, administrative reforms and economic development, as well as about environmental issues and problems of indigenous population of the region. The theme of clarifying the role of the Soviet Union in determination of international and legal status of the Arctic region has been emphasized in the literature studied (N. Fogelson, J. McCannon). In the context of the «cultural turn» in the late 20th-century historiography Western researchers (P. Horensma, J. McCannon) analyzed the role of ideology and propaganda in constructing «the Arctic myth», its significance for the Soviet mass culture. The access to the Russian archives and their availability allowed the modern Western scholars to conduct their researches there, that resulted in obtaining a more objective assessment of the real victories and failures in the development of the Soviet Arctic. Summarizing the historical experience of the Russian Arctic development in the late 20th century the majority of Western authors believe that only the full-scale international cooperation will make it possible to effectively address the problems of the region.

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