Transformation of Dimethyl Sulfide and Related Compounds by Cultures and Cell Extracts of Marine Phytoplankton

1995 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1773-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Fuse ◽  
Osamu Takimura ◽  
Kazuo Kamimura ◽  
Katuji Murakami ◽  
Yukiho Yamaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Related Compounds

scholarly journals Oceanic phytoplankton are a potentially important source of benzenoids to the remote marine atmosphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Rocco ◽  
Erin Dunne ◽  
Maija Peltola ◽  
Neill Barr ◽  
Jonathan Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Marine Atmosphere ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Phytoplankton Communities ◽  
Anthropogenic Air Pollutants ◽  
Benzene Toluene

AbstractBenzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes can contribute to hydroxyl reactivity and secondary aerosol formation in the atmosphere. These aromatic hydrocarbons are typically classified as anthropogenic air pollutants, but there is growing evidence of biogenic sources, such as emissions from plants and phytoplankton. Here we use a series of shipborne measurements of the remote marine atmosphere, seawater mesocosm incubation experiments and phytoplankton laboratory cultures to investigate potential marine biogenic sources of these compounds in the oceanic atmosphere. Laboratory culture experiments confirmed marine phytoplankton are a source of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and in mesocosm experiments their sea-air fluxes varied between seawater samples containing differing phytoplankton communities. These fluxes were of a similar magnitude or greater than the fluxes of dimethyl sulfide, which is considered to be the key reactive organic species in the marine atmosphere. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes fluxes were observed to increase under elevated headspace ozone concentration in the mesocosm incubation experiments, indicating that phytoplankton produce these compounds in response to oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that biogenic sources of these gases may be sufficiently strong to influence atmospheric chemistry in some remote ocean regions.

scholarly journals Methane production by three widespread marine phytoplankton species: release rates, precursor compounds, and potential relevance for the environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 4129-4144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Klintzsch ◽  
Gerald Langer ◽  
Gernot Nehrke ◽  
Anna Wieland ◽  
Katharina Lenhart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Algae ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Hydrogen Carbonate ◽  
Marine Surface ◽  
Methylated Sulfur Compounds

Abstract. Methane (CH4) production within the oceanic mixed layer is a widespread phenomenon, but the underlying mechanisms are still under debate. Marine algae might contribute to the observed CH4 oversaturation in oxic waters, but so far direct evidence for CH4 production by marine algae has only been provided for the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. In the present study we investigated, next to E. huxleyi, other widespread haptophytes, i.e., Phaeocystis globosa and Chrysochromulina sp. We performed CH4 production and stable carbon isotope measurements and provide unambiguous evidence that all three investigated marine algae are involved in the production of CH4 under oxic conditions. Rates ranged from 1.9±0.6 to 3.1±0.4 µg of CH4 per gram of POC (particulate organic carbon) per day, with Chrysochromulina sp. and E. huxleyi showing the lowest and highest rates, respectively. Cellular CH4 production rates ranged from 16.8±6.5 (P. globosa) to 62.3±6.4 ag CH4 cell−1 d−1 (E. huxleyi; ag = 10−18 g). In cultures that were treated with 13C-labeled hydrogen carbonate, δ13CH4 values increased with incubation time, resulting from the conversion of 13C–hydrogen carbonate to 13CH4. The addition of 13C-labeled dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methionine sulfoxide – known algal metabolites that are ubiquitous in marine surface layers – resulted in the occurrence of 13C-enriched CH4 in cultures of E. huxleyi, clearly indicating that methylated sulfur compounds are also precursors of CH4. By comparing the algal CH4 production rates from our laboratory experiments with results previously reported in two field studies of the Pacific Ocean and the Baltic Sea, we might conclude that algae-mediated CH4 release is contributing to CH4 oversaturation in oxic waters. Therefore, we propose that haptophyte mediated CH4 production could be a common and important process in marine surface waters.

A selenosulfonation-based approach to (22S,23E)-6β-methoxy-3α,5-cyclo-5α-ergost-23-en-22-ol, a key intermediate for brassinolide synthesis

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1032-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Back ◽  
Kurt Brunner ◽  
M. Vijaya Krishna ◽  
Enoch K. Y. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Principal Product ◽  
Related Compounds

(22S,23E)-6β-Methoxy-3α,5-cyclo-5α-ergost-23-en-22-ol (2), an intermediate in the synthesis of brassinolide (μ) and related compounds, was synthesized by a new approach. (20S)-6β-Methoxy-3α,5-cyclo-5α-pregnane-20-carboxaldehyde (5) was converted to the corresponding 22S and 22R-24-yn-22-ol derivatives 6a and 6b by treatment with 3-lithio-1 -trimethylsilylpropyne, followed by tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride. The products were subjected to selenosulfonation, base-catalyzed isomerization, and selenoxide elimination to afford the respective 22S and 22R allenic sulfones 9a and 9b. The 22S isomer 9a underwent addition with lithium diisopropylcuprate – dimethyl sulfide complex, followed by reductive desulfonylation with magnesium in methanol, to afford 2, as well as smaller amounts of its 24(28) isomer 11a and (22E)-6β-methoxy-3α,5-cyclo-5α-ergosta-22,24(28)-diene (12). Similar treatment of 9b afforded 13, the 22R isomer of 2, as the principal product, as well as its 24(28) isomer 11b, and diene 12. Keywords: brassinolide, (22S,23E)-6β-methoxy-3α,5-cyclo-5α-ergost-23-en-22-ol, selenosulfonation, allenic sulfones.

scholarly journals Polar Cooling Effect Due to Increase of Phytoplankton and Dimethyl-Sulfide Emission

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ah-Hyun Kim ◽  
Seong Yum ◽  
Hannah Lee ◽  
Dong Chang ◽  
Sungbo Shim
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Cloud Albedo

The effects of increased dimethyl-sulfide (DMS) emissions due to increased marine phytoplankton activity are examined using an atmosphere-ocean coupled climate model. As the DMS emission flux from the ocean increases globally, large-scale cooling occurs due to the DMS-cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)-cloud albedo interactions. This cooling increases as DMS emissions are further increased, with the most pronounced effect occurring over the Arctic, which is likely associated with a change in sea-ice fraction as sea ice mediates the air-sea exchange of the radiation, moisture and heat flux. These results differ from recent studies that only considered the bio-physical feedback that led to amplified Arctic warming under greenhouse warming conditions. Therefore, climate negative feedback from DMS-CCN-cloud albedo interactions that involve marine phytoplankton and its impact on polar climate should be properly reflected in future climate models to better estimate climate change, especially over the polar regions.

scholarly journals Methane production by three widespread marine phytoplankton species: release rates, precursor compounds, and relevance for the environment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Klintzsch ◽  
Gerald Langer ◽  
Gernot Nehrke ◽  
Anna Wieland ◽  
Katharina Lenhart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Algae ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Hydrogen Carbonate ◽  
A Minor

Abstract. The world’s oceans are considered to be a minor source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere although the magnitude of total net emissions is highly uncertain. In recent years the origin of the frequently observed in situ CH4 production in the ocean mixed layer has received much attention. Marine algae might contribute to the observed CH4 oversaturation in oxic waters, but so far direct evidence for CH4 production by marine algae has only been provided for the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. In the present study we investigated, next to Emiliania huxleyi, other widespread haptophytes, i.e. Phaeocystis globosa and Chrysochromulina sp. for CH4 formation. Our results of CH4 production and stable carbon isotope measurements provide unambiguous evidence that all three investigated marine algae produce CH4 per se under oxic conditions and at rates ranging from 1.6 ± 0.5 to 2.7 ± 0.7 µg CH4 per g POC (particulate organic carbon) d−1 at a temperature of 20 °C with Chrysochromulina sp. and E. huxleyi showing the lowest and highest rates, respectively. In cultures that were treated with 13C-labelled hydrogen carbonate δ13CH4 values increased with incubation time, clearly resulting from the conversion of 13C-hydrogen carbonate to 13CH4. The addition of 13C labelled dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide and methionine sulfoxide – known algal metabolites that are ubiquitous in marine surface layers - enabled us to clearly monitor the occurrence of 13C-enriched CH4 in cultures of Emiliania huxleyi clearly indicating that methylated sulphur compounds are also precursors of CH4. We propose that CH4 production could be a common process among marine haptophytes likely contributing to CH4 oversaturation in oxic waters.

Novel chlorophyll-related compounds in marine phytoplankton: distributions and geochemical implications

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 653-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Bidigare ◽  
M. C. Kennicutt ◽  
M. E. Ondrusek ◽  
M. D. Keller ◽  
R. R. L. Guillard
Keyword(s):  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Related Compounds

Dimethyl Sulfide Production in Marine Phytoplankton

1989 ◽  
pp. 167-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen D. Keller ◽  
Wendy K. Bellows ◽  
Robert R. L. Guillard
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Sulfide Production

scholarly journals High production of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) in a massive marine phytoplankton culture

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 6705-6723 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Florez-Leiva ◽  
E. Tarifeño ◽  
M. Cornejo ◽  
R. Kiene ◽  
L. Farías
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Minor Amount ◽  
Algal Culture ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Cell Abundance ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Climate Cooling

Abstract. The production of large amounts of algal biomass for different purposes such as aquaculture or biofuels, may cause impacts on the marine environment. One such impact is the production of radiatively active trace gases and aerosols with climate cooling (dimethyl sulfide DMS and its precursor DMSP) and warming (N2O and CH4) effects. Total and dissolved DMSP, N2O and CH4, together with other environmental variables were monitored daily for 46 days within a massive microalgae monoculture of Nannochloris (Chlorophyceae) in an open pond system. The growth of this green microalgae was stimulated by the addition of N- and P-rich salts, resulting in exponential growth (growth phase) during the first 17 days observed by cell abundance (1 × 106 to 4.4 × 106 cell mL−1) and Chl-a levels (from 1.4 to 96 mg Chl-a m−3) followed by a decrease in both Chl-a and cell abundance (senescence phase). Total DMSP (from 6.3 to 142 μmol m−3), dissolved DMSP i.e. 5.8 to 137 μmol m−3 and N2O (from 8 to 600 μmol m−3) abruptly peaked during the senescence phase, whereas CH4 steadily increased between 2 and 10 μmol m−3 during the growth phase. Different ratios between tracers and Chl-a during both phases reveal different biochemical processes involved in the cycling of these gases and tracers. Our results show that despite the consumption of large quantities of CO2 by the massive algal culture, a minor amount of DMS and huge amounts of greenhouse gases were produced, in particular N2O, which has a greater radiative effect per molecule than CO2. These findings have important implications for biogeochemical studies and for environmental management of aquaculture activities.

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