Independent evolutionary history between the Balkan ranges and more northerly mountains in Campanula alpina s.l. (Campanulaceae): Genetic divergence and morphological segregation of taxa

Taxon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Ronikier ◽  
Joanna Zalewska-Gałosz
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Independent Evolutionary History

Systematics of Berberis sect. Wallichianae (Berberidaceae) of Taiwan and Luzon with description of three new species, B. schaaliae, B. ravenii, and B. pengii

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Chieh Yu ◽  
Kuo-Fang Chung
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Analyses ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Independent Evolutionary History

Berberis sect. Wallichianae are species of evergreen shrubs that in Taiwan are found in subalpine and montane-temperate areas and which have a notoriously controversial taxonomic history. Based on multivariate statistical analyses of morphometric data and an explicitly stated species criterion, the taxonomy of the group in Taiwan and its close relative in Luzon (B. barandana) is revised and their endemicity is evaluated by molecular data. In addition to the six species recognized in the Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed. (i.e., B. aristatoserrulata, B. brevisepala, B. chingshuiensis, B. kawakamii, B. mingetsensis, and B. tarokoensis), B. hayatana (synonymized under B. mingetsensis) and B. nantoensis (synonymized under B. brevisepala) are reinstated, and three new species (B. pengii, B. ravenii, and B. schaaliae) are described and illustrated. Phylogenetic analyses using three chloroplast DNA sequence regions (rbcL, ycf6-psbM, and psbA-trnH) place all Taiwanese species and B. barandana in a strongly supported clade derived from within the continental Asian species of sect. Wallichianae, indicating their independent evolutionary history and supporting their endemic status.

Conceptual aspects of the quantification of the extent of biological diversity

1994 ◽  
Vol 345 (1311) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Adequate Measure ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Subsequent Discussion ◽  
Genes To Ecosystems ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Independent Evolutionary History

This paper begins by asking to what extent numbers of species are an adequate measure of biological diversity, either locally or globally; both for evolutionary understanding and for practical applications, biodiversity may often be better quantified at lower or higher levels, from genes to ecosystems. The subsequent discussion, however, focuses on species, and discusses questions that arise in estimating how many species there have ever been, how many there currently are in various taxonomic groups, and how we may quantify the differing degrees of ‘independent evolutionary history’ or ‘taxonomic distinctiveness’ in different species or groups. I conclude with opinions about how the practical task of identifying and recording species diversity might be better managed.

WHEAT EVOLUTION

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adina Breiman ◽  
Dan Graur
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
Wheat Evolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nuclear Genomes ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Independent Evolutionary History

Many wild and cultivated wheat species are amphidiploid, i.e., they are polyploid species containing two or more distinct nuclear genomes, each with its own independent evolutionary history, but whose genetic behavior resembles that of diploids. Amphidiploidy has important evolutionary consequences in wheat. Since the beginning of this century different methods have been employed to identify the diploid donors of the coexisting genomes in the polyploids. To date, several of the genomic donors have been identified, and the search for the others has been narrowed down considerably. Molecular methodologies that are being increasingly used in studies aimed at reconstructing the evolutionary history of wheat species and their wild relatives have resolved many of the phylogenetic relationships among the various taxa.

scholarly journals Evolutionary history of a relict conifer, Pseudotaxus chienii (Taxaceae), in south-east China during the late Neogene: old lineage, young populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixuan Kou ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Dengmei Fan ◽  
Shanmei Cheng ◽  
Dezhu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
East China ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Isolation By Environment ◽  
Late Neogene ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background and Aims Many monotypic gymnosperm lineages in south-east China paradoxically remain in relict status despite long evolutionary histories and ample opportunities for allopatric speciation, but this paradox has received little attention and has yet to be resolved. Here, we address this issue by investigating the evolutionary history of a relict conifer, Pseudotaxus chienii (Taxaceae). Methods DNA sequences from two chloroplast regions and 14 nuclear loci were obtained for 134 samples. The demographic history was inferred and the contribution of isolation by environment (IBE) in patterning genetic divergence was compared with that of isolation by distance (IBD). Key Results Three genetic clusters were identified. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses showed that the three clusters diverged in the late Pliocene (~3.68 Ma) and two admixture events were detected. Asymmetric gene flow and similar population divergence times (~ 3.74 Ma) were characterized using the isolation with migration model. Neither IBD nor IBE contributed significantly to genetic divergence, and the contribution of IBE was much smaller than that of IBD. Conclusions These results suggest that several monotypic relict gymnosperm lineages like P. chienii in south-east China did not remain in situ and undiversified for millions of years. On the contrary, they have been evolving and the extant populations have become established more recently, having insufficient time to speciate. Our findings provide a new perspective for understanding the formation and evolution of the relict gymnosperm flora of China as well as of the Sino-Japanese Flora.

scholarly journals Meiotic drive is associated with sexual incompatibility in Neurospora

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Vogan ◽  
Jesper Svedberg ◽  
Magdalena Grudzinska-Sterno ◽  
Hanna Johannesson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Independent Evolutionary History

AbstractMeiotic drive is the phenomenon whereby selfish elements bias their transmission to progeny at ratios above 50:50, violating Mendel’s law of equal segregation. The model fungus Neurospora carries three different meiotic drivers, called Spore killers. Two of these, Sk-2 and Sk-3, are multilocus spore killers that constitute large haplotypes and are found in the species N. intermedia. Here we used molecular markers to determine that all N. intermedia isolates from New Zealand in fact belong to the sister species N. metzenbergii. Additionally, we use laboratory crosses to demonstrate that Sk-2 and Sk-3 are involved in sexual incompatibility between N. intermedia and N. metzenbergii.. Our experiments revealed that while crosses between these two species normally produced viable progeny at appreciable rates, when strains of N. intermedia carried Sk-2 or Sk-3 the proportion of viable progeny dropped substantially and in some crosses, no viable progeny were observed. Backcrossings supported that the incompatibility is tightly linked to the Sk haplotype. Finally, it appears that Sk-2 and Sk-3 have accumulated different incompatibility phenotypes when crossed with N. metzenbergii strains, consistent with their independent evolutionary history. This research illustrates how meiotic drive can contribute to reproductive isolation between populations, and thereby speciation.

Unveiling patterns of genetic variation in parasite–host associations: an example with pinworms and Neotropical primates

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Solórzano García ◽  
Amanda D. Melin ◽  
Filippo Aureli ◽  
Gerardo Pérez Ponce de León
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Central America ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Spider Monkey ◽  
Neotropical Primates ◽  
Genetic Patterns ◽  
History Of

AbstractPatterns of genetic variation among populations can reveal the evolutionary history of species. Pinworm parasites are highly host specific and form strong co-evolutionary associations with their primate hosts. Here, we describe the genetic variation observed in four Trypanoxyuris species infecting different howler and spider monkey subspecies in Central America to determine if historical dispersal processes and speciation in the host could explain the genetic patterns observed in the parasites. Mitochondrial (cox1) and ribosomal (28S) DNA were analysed to assess genetic divergence and phylogenetic history of these parasites. Sequences of the 28S gene were identical within pinworms species regardless of host subspecies. However, phylogenetic analyses, haplotype relationships and genetic divergence with cox1 showed differentiation between pinworm populations according to host subspecies in three of the four Trypanoxyuris species analysed. Haplotype separation between host subspecies was not observed in Trypanoxyuris minutus, nor in Trypanoxyuris atelis from Ateles geoffoyi vellerosus and Ateles geoffoyi yucatanensis. Levels of genetic diversity and divergence in these parasites relate with such estimates reported for their hosts. This study shows how genetic patterns uncovered in parasitic organisms can reflect the host phylogenetic and biogeographic histories.

scholarly journals Heteroonops (Araneae, Oonopidae) spiders from Hispaniola: the discovery of ten new species

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 964 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Nadine Dupérré ◽  
Charlotte Francisco ◽  
Ella Santana-Propper ◽  
Ingi Agnarsson ◽  
Greta J. Binford
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
New Localities ◽  
The Caribbean

The Caribbean biodiversity hotspot harbors vast reserves of undiscovered species. A large-scale inventory of Caribbean arachnids (CarBio) is uncovering new species across the arachnid tree of life, and allowing inference of the evolutionary history that has generated this diversity. Herein we describe ten new species of Heteroonops (Oonopidae, or goblin spiders), from Hispaniola: H. scapulasp. nov., H. jurassicussp. nov., H. aylinalegreaesp. nov., H. verrucasp. nov., H. renebarbaisp. nov., H. yumasp. nov., H. carlosviquezisp. nov., H. gabrielsantosisp. nov., H. solanllycarreroaesp. nov. and H. constanzasp. nov. The occurrence of the pantropical type species Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1891) is reported and new localities are given for: H. validus (Bryant, 1948), H. vega (Platnick & Dupérré, 2009) and H. castelloides (Platnick & Dupérré, 2009). Molecular phylogenies indicate substantial genetic divergence separating these taxa. This work adds to evidence that the depth of diversity in the Caribbean biodiversity hotspot is particularly striking for tiny taxa living in leaf litter.

scholarly journals Molecular Insights into the Genetic Variability of ORF Virus in a Mediterranean Region (Sardinia, Italy)

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Coradduzza ◽  
Daria Sanna ◽  
Angela M. Rocchigiani ◽  
Davide Pintus ◽  
Fabio Scarpa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Evolutionary Rate ◽  
Orf Virus ◽  
Contagious Ecthyma ◽  
History Of

Orf virus (ORFV) represents the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, clinically characterized by mild papular and pustular to severe proliferative lesions, mainly occurring in sheep and goats. In order to provide hints on the evolutionary history of this virus, we carried out a study aimed to assess the genetic variation of ORFV in Sardinia that hosts a large affected small ruminant population. We also found a high worldwide mutational viral evolutionary rate, which resulted, in turn, higher than the rate we detected for the strains isolated in Sardinia. In addition, a well-supported genetic divergence was found between the viral strains isolated from sheep and those from goats, but no relevant connection was evidenced between the severity of lesions produced by ORFV and specific polymorphic patterns in the two species of hosts. Such a finding suggests that ORFV infection-related lesions are not necessarily linked to the expression of one of the three genes here analyzed and could rather be the effect of the expression of other genes or rather represents a multifactorial character.

scholarly journals Evolutionary history of the Drosophila bipectinata species complex

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTYOM KOPP ◽  
OLGA BARMINA
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Drosophila Bipectinata ◽  
History Of

Groups of recently diverged species offer invaluable glimpses into the history and genetic basis of speciation and phenotypic evolution. In this report, we combine phylogenetic and population-genetic approaches to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the Drosophila bipectinata species complex. This complex is a group of four closely related, largely sympatric species – D. bipectinata, D. parabipectinata, D. malerkotliana and D. pseudoananassae. Using the sequences of one mitochondrial and six nuclear loci, we show that D. bipectinata and D. parabipectinata are the two most closely related species, and that together with D. malerkotliana they form a monophyletic clade to which D. pseudoananassae is a relatively distant outgroup. Genetic divergence among D. bipectinata, D. parabipectinata and D. malerkotliana is extremely low, and we estimate that these species diverged only 283000–385000 years ago. We also find that mitochondrial DNA shows evidence of recent gene flow across species boundaries. Despite the low genetic divergence, species of the bipectinata complex show an unusually high degree of morphological differentiation. This contrast underscores the importance of understanding the genetic basis of functional differentiation among closely related species.

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