scholarly journals Der Himmel als Stimmungsbogen des Denkens über Tartu im Februar 1808

2016 ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Eduard Parhomenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi ◽  
Philosophical Doctrine

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der Transformation der philosophischen Ansichten von Gottlob Benjamin Jäsche (1762--1842), welcher an der Universität Tartu als Professor für theoretische und praktische Philosophie (1802--1838) wirkte. In der Geschichte der Philosophie wurde er vor allem als der Herausgeber von Immanuel Kants Logik-Vorlesungen (1800) bekannt. Jäsches Auseinandersetzungen mit Spinozismus und Pantheismus sind aber ebenso beachtenswert (Der Pantheismus nach seinen verschiedenen Hauptformen I--III, 1826--1832). Im allgemeinen wird Jäsche als ein strenger, eben orthodoxer Anhänger Kants charakterisiert. Dabei wird allerdings der Einfluss der Philosophie Friedrich Heinrich Jacobis auf seinen Kantianismus angesprochen. Der Aufsatz untersucht hauptsächlich den Einfluss der Glaubensphilosophie Jacobis, darunter seiner Kritik des Spinozismus und Pantheismus, auf die Verwandlung der Philosophie Jäsches zum Ende des ersten Jahrzehnts des 19. Jahrhunderts. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf das Manuskript Liebe und Glaube. Es handelt sich hierbei um ein eigenartiges Denktagebuch, veranlasst durch den frühzeitigen Tod von Jäsches Frau Sally im Februar 1808. Jäsche versucht dort den Tod seiner Frau und die dadurch hervorgerufene seelische und philosophische Krise zu überwinden. Entscheidend ist hierbei, dass Jäsche, beim Versuch den Tod seiner Frau anhand der Philosophie Kants zu durchdenken, scheiterte, da die Philosophie Kants die übernatürliche Erfahrung, der Jäsche unmittelbar nach dem Tod seiner Frau teilhaftig wurde, nicht erklären konnte. Den Ausweg findet Jäsche durch die Glaubensphilosophie Jacobis. Im allgemeinen lässt sich sagen, dass Jäsches philosophische Ansichten im Rahmen der Philosophie Kants blieben, obwohl es im konkreten Falle nicht allein um eine Verschiebung von Akzenten geht, sondern um eine beträchtliche Umdeutung der zentralen Konzepte der Philosophie Kants.   This paper focuses on the transformation of the philosophical views of Gottlob Benjamin Jäsche (1762--1842), professor of theoretical and practical philosophy at Tartu University (1802--1838). In the history of philosophy, Jäsche is known as a compiler and publisher of Immanuel Kant's handbook of lectures on logic (1800). His critique of Spinozism and pantheism is also noteworthy (Der Pantheismus nach seinen verschiedenen Hauptformen I-III, 1826--1832). Jäsche was characterised as a rather strict, even orthodox disciple of Kant's philosophy. However, it was noticed that his Kantianism was influenced by the philosophy of Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. This paper mainly examines the meaning of Jacobi's philosophical doctrine of belief or faith (Glaube), including the meaning of the criticism of Spinozism and pantheism during the turn in Jäsche's philosophy at the end of the first decade of the 19th century. The analysis focuses on one of Jäsche's manuscript works, entitled Liebe und Glaube (Love and Faith). This is a peculiar spiritual diary, the writing of which was induced by the death of Jäsche's wife, Sally in February 1808. In his diary Jäsche tries to explicate the tragedy and through it to overcome the spiritual as well as philosophical crisis that assailed him as a consequence of his wife's untimely death. The fact that Kant's philosophy did not help Jäsche cope with his wife's death became decisive, because through Kantianism he was unable to find a philosophical explication of the supernatural experience that he had lived through. Jäsche emerges from the bind thanks to Jacobi's philosophy of belief. Although, broadly speaking, Jäsche remained within in the framework of Kant's philosophy, this was not merely a matter of making small adjustments and shifting emphases, but rather entailed a thorough reconsideration of central notions of Kant's philosophy.

Middle Platonism

Classics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Bonazzi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Theological Interpretation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Platonic Tradition

The term “Middle Platonism” was created in the 19th century ce to distinguish this movement from the later tradition known as “Neoplatonism.” Both terms, however, are misleading and would have been rejected by the ancients; neither “Middle Platonists” would have accepted that they were an intermediate step in the history of Platonism nor would “Neoplatonists” have agreed that they were introducing anything new in the Platonic tradition. However, it is true that Early Imperial Platonism differs in basic ways from Late Antique Platonism, and both labels continue to be used for the sake of clarity. In short, Middle Platonism conventionally refers to a group of philosophers from the 1st century bce to the 3rd century ce who may be described as Platonists by virtue of their allegiance to a nucleus of Platonic doctrines. More precisely, this allegiance can be presented as the attempt to develop a systematic and theological interpretation of Plato’s philosophy. This suffices to prove its importance, philosophically and historically, for two reasons: (1) because the commitment to the view that Plato’s philosophy can be reduced to a system proved very influential in the history of philosophy, and (2) because in this period monotheistic religions such as Judaism and Christianity first encountered Greek philosophy, and this confrontation was greatly influenced by the theological speculations of these authors. Unfortunately, most of the works of Middle Platonists are now lost, but the material that remains enable us to reconstruct the basic features of their thought.

scholarly journals “Zurück zu Kant”

DoisPontos ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Ariel González Porta
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Historical Root ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

A filosofia alemã do século XIX posterior a Hegel está bastante estudada em três direções. A primeira, que surge da luta entre hegelianos de esquerda e direita, acaba por conduzir ao materialismo e ao marxismo; a segunda, que se expressa na vertente irracionalista e anti-sistemática, passa por Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard e Nietzsche; a terceira é constituída pelo neo-kantismo e suas derivações, cuja versão oficial teria suas raízes fincadas pelo famoso discurso inaugural de Zeller e pelo livro de Otto Liebmann, que deram o impulso ao movimento “Zurück zu Kant”. Em tal visão de conjunto, o grande ausente é um movimento contínuo, ainda quando irregular e multifacetado, que terminará conduzindo à filosofia contemporânea. Este movimento tem em Trendelenburg uma figura chave. É com suas “Investigações Lógicas” que se inicia a reformulação das relações entre filosofia e ciência e, neste sentido, o verdadeiro retorno a Kant. O fato de sua obra principal ter exatamente o mesmo nome que a coleção de ensaios temáticos de Frege, a obra de ruptura de Husserl e as dissertações de doutorado de Cohen, Dilthey e Brentano significa algo mais que curiosas coincidências. “Zurück zu Kant” (Adolf Trendelenburg the overcoming of idealism and the roots of contemporary philosophy) Abstract Considering history of philosophy as a whole, the two main traditions of thought from the 20th century (analytic and phenomenological-hermeneutic) can be regarded as being variants of one same fundamental turn. This systematic relation is connected to a common historical root. To highlight it implies to review the ideas that are deeply in the basis of the historiography of the German thought in the 19th century. Beyond names, problems and theses that may appear to have at first sight no relationship whatsoever, we can notice a continuous unitary development that has not yet received all the attention it deserves. In this movement, Adolf Trendelenburg stands out, once the beginners of both the abovementioned traditions and of neokantianism (Frege, Brentano, Dilthey and Cohen) received a decisive impulse from his reflections.

scholarly journals Changing Interpretations of Plotinus: The 18th-Century Introduction of the Concept of a ‘System of Philosophy’

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Catana
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Method Point

Abstract This article critically explores the history and nature of a hermeneutic assumption which frequently guided interpretations of Plotinus from the 18th century onwards, namely that Plotinus advanced a system of philosophy. It is argued that this assumption was introduced relatively late, in the 18th and 19th centuries, and that it was primarily made possible by Brucker’s methodology for the history of philosophy, dating from the 1740s, to which the concept of a ‘system of philosophy’ was essential. It is observed that the concept is absent from Ficino’s commentary from the 15th century, and that it remained absent in interpretations produced between the 15th and 18th centuries. It is also argued that the assumption of a ‘system of philosophy’ in Plotinus is historically incorrect—we do not find this concept in Plotinus’ writings, and his own statements about method point in other directions. Eduard Zeller (active in the second half of the 19th century) is typically regarded as the first to give a satisfying account of Plotinus’ philosophy as a whole. In this article, on the other hand, Zeller is seen as having finalised a tradition initiated in the 18th century. Very few Plotinus scholars have examined the interpretative development prior to Zeller. Schiavone (1952) and Bonetti (1971), for instance, have given little attention to Brucker’s introduction of the concept of a ‘system of philosophy’. The present analysis, then, has value for an understanding of Plotinus’ Enneads. It also explains why “pre-Bruckerian” interpretations of Plotinus appear alien to the modern reader; the analysis may even serve to make some sense of the hermeneutics employed by Renaissance Platonists and commentators, who are often eclipsed from the tradition of Platonism.

scholarly journals Numerus surdus y armonía musical. Sobre el temperamento igual y el fin del reinado pitagórico de los números

2021 ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Lianggi Espinoza ◽  
Juan Redmond ◽  
Pablo César Palacios Torres ◽  
Ismael Cortez Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The West ◽  
String Instruments ◽  
Equal Temperament ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe development of philosophical ideas throughout history has sometimes been assisted by the use of handcrafted instruments. Some paradigmatic cases, such as the invention of the telescope or the microscope, show that many philosophical approaches have been the result of the intervention of such instruments. The aim of this article is to show the determining role that stringed musical instruments with frets had in the crisis and generation of philosophical paradigms. In fact, just as the observations of the moon with the telescope broke more than a thousand years of Aristotelian hegemony, the fretted string instruments, predecessors of the guitar, played a central role in the collapse of one of the most influential approaches in the history of Philosophy: Pythagorism. We focus on the fundamental hallmarks of Pythagorism and on how, during the 16th century and from the fretted string instruments, the mathematical-musical notion of equal temperament emerged, which from the middle of the 19th century will be established as the prevailing philosophical-musical paradigm of the West.

MASJID BESAR RAJA HAJI ABDUL GHANI PULAU BURU KEPULAUAN RIAU

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurman Kholis
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
District Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Buddhists ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Level Government

Abstract. Many Muslims in the Riau Islands do not know the history of the development of Islamic theory from the center of power to spread to various corners. This is as the existence of the Great Mosque of Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) on Buru Island, Karimun. Thus, to uncover the existence of this mosque, qualitative research methods are used so that history, architecture, and socio-religious functions can be known. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the establishment of MBRHAG was initiated by Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. He was the first Amir (sub-district level government) of the kingdom of Riau-Lingga on Buru Island, in the 19th century. The architecture is a Chinese. Therefore, on the right side of this mosque is around 200 m, there is also the Sam Po Teng Temple and the Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Thus, the close location of the mosque with Chinese and Confucian worship houses's shows a harmonious relationship between Malay Muslims and Chinese Buddhists. In fact, in the continuation of this relationship there was information that a Chinese Buddhist had joined a Muslim friend to fast for half a month of Ramadan.Keywords: Mosque, Malay Muslims, Chinese Buddhists/Confucians, Harmonious RelationsAbstrak. Umat Islam di Kepulauan Riau banyak yang tidak mengenal sejarah perkembangan ajaran Islam dari pusat kekuasaan hingga tersebar ke berbagai pelosok. Hal ini sebagaimana keberadaan Masjid Besar Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) di Pulau Buru, Karimun. Dengan demikian, untuk mengungkapkan keberadaan masjid ini digunakan metode penelitian kualitatif  agar dapat diketahui sejarah, arsitektur, dan fungsi sosial keagamaannya.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pendirian MBRHAG diprakarsai oleh Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. Ia adalah Amir (pemerintah setingkat kecamatan) pertama kerajaan Riau-Lingga di Pulau Buru, pada abad ke-19. Adapun arsitekturnya adalah seorang Tionghoa. Karena itu, di sebelah kanan masjid ini sekitar 200 m juga terdapat Kelenteng Sam Po Teng dan cetya Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Dengan demikian, dekatnya lokasi masjid dengan rumah ibadah umat Tionghoa dan Khonghucu ini menunjukkan hubungan yang harmonis antara muslim Melayu dengan Budhis Tionghoa. Bahkan, dalam kelangsungan hubungan ini terdapat informasi seorang Buddhis Tionghoa pernah ikut temannya yang beragama muslim untuk berpuasa selama setengah bulan Ramadhan.Kata Kunci: Masjid, Muslim Melayu, Buddhis/Khonghucu Tionghoa, Hubungan Harmonis

On the nature of chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Unity ◽  
The 19Th Century

<span>The very nature of chemistry presents us with a tension. A tension between the exhilaration of diversity of substances and forms on the one hand and the safety of fundamental unity on the other. Even just the recent history of chemistry has been al1 about this tension, from the debates about Prout's hypothesis as to whether there is a primary matter in the 19th century to the more recent speculations as to whether computers will enable us to virtually dispense with experimental chemistry.</span>

Bonobos

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

This is a comprehensive, illustrated catalogue of the 200+ marine chronometers in the collections of Royal Museums Greenwich. Every chronometer has been completely dismantled, studied and recorded, and illustrations include especially commissioned line drawings as well as photographs. The collection is also used to illustrate a newly researched and up-to-date chapter describing the history of the marine chronometer, so the book is much more than simply a catalogue. The history chapter naturally includes the story of John Harrison’s pioneering work in creating the first practical marine timekeepers, all four of which are included in the catalogue, newly photographed and described in minute detail for the first time. In fact full technical and historical data are provided for all of the marine chronometers in the collection, to an extent never before attempted, including biographical details of every maker represented. A chapter describes how the 19th century English chronometer was manufactured, and another provides comprehensive and logically arranged information on how to assess and date a given marine chronometer, something collectors and dealers find particularly difficult. For further help in identification of chronometers, appendices include a pictorial record of the number punches used by specific makers to number their movements, and the maker’s punches used by the rough movement makers. There is also a close-up pictorial guide to the various compensation balances used in chronometers in the collection, a technical Glossary of terms used in the catalogue text and a concordance of the various inventory numbers used in the collection over the years.

A great inspiration for today's vaccination efforts: Biographical sketch of Francisco Xavier Balmis (1753–1819)

2021 ◽  
pp. 096777202110347
Author(s):  
Gabriel E Andrade
Keyword(s):  
History Of Medicine ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Biographical Sketch ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The management of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic will require huge worldwide vaccination efforts. In this endeavour, healthcare workers face the twofold challenge of reaching remote areas, and persuading people to take the vaccine shots. As it happens, this is nothing new in the history of medicine. Health workers can take inspiration from Francisco Xavier Balmis, a Spanish physician of the 19th century who realised the importance of Jenner's vaccine against smallpox, and led a big successful expedition to administer the vaccines in the Spanish colonial possessions of the Western hemisphere and Asia. This article presents a biographical sketch of Balmis, focusing on his expedition.

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