scholarly journals Aristotle on Necessary Principles and on Explaining X through X’s essence

2015 ◽  
pp. 88-112
Author(s):  
Lucas Angioni
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Subject Term ◽  
The Subject

I discuss what Aristotle means when he say that scientific demonstration must proceed from necessary principles. I argue that, for Aristotle, scientific demonstration should not be reduced to sound deduction with necessary premises. Scientific demonstration ultimately depends on the fully appropriate explanatory factor for a given explanandum. This explanatory factor is what makes the explanandum what it is. Consequently, this factor is also unique. When Aristotle says that demonstration must proceed from necessary principles, he means that each demonstration requires the principle that is the necessary one for the fully appropriate explanation of its explanandum. This picture also provides a key to understand Aristotle's thesis that scientific explanation depends on essences: it is the essence of the attribute to be explained (rather then the essence of the subject-term within the explanandum) that should be stated as the fully appropriate explanatory factor.

Supposition and Predication in Medieval Trinitarian Logic

Vivarium ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 260-274
Author(s):  
Simo Knuuttila
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Subject Term ◽  
Duns Scotus ◽  
The Subject

Abstract Many fourteenth-century logicians took affirmative propositions to maintain that the subject term and the predicate term stand or supposit for the same. This is called the identity theory of predication by historians and praedicatio identica (or one form of praedicatio identica) by Paul of Venice and others. The identity theory of predication was an important part of early fourteenth-century Trinitarian discussions as well, but what was called praedicatio identica by Duns Scotus and his followers in this context was something different. After some remarks on Scotus’s view and its background, I shall analyse Adam Wodeham’s explanation of Scotus’s praedicatio identica and how he understood the assumptions pertaining to supposition in the Scotist approach. I also describe Wodeham’s own solution to Trinitarian sophisms, which did not deviate from the identity theory of predication.

The correct language of cataloguing local publications in East Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 116 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 517-526
Author(s):  
Eliz Nassali State ◽  
Isaac M.N. Kigongo-Bukenya ◽  
Constant Okello-Obura
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Library Science ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Subject Term ◽  
The Subject

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the subject cataloguing of local publications and subject access to local publications. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative approach was used. Methods included interviews, document reviews and observations. Findings – Adherence to cataloguing standards takes precedence over subject access. Rarely is a user the focus of choice of the subject term in the process of cataloguing. The terms assigned to local publications are generally too broad and, at times, border on inappropriateness. The situation is exacerbated by a lack of documented cataloguing policies and a waning interest in cataloguing matters from the profession. Originality/value – This study is intended to benefit the librarians who provide subject representation to local publications by way of streamlining the process of subject cataloguing, hence, enhancing access to these uniquely held resources. The outcome of this study, hence, will provide insight in the process of cataloguing local publications. In addition, the findings of this study will benefit the teaching of subject cataloguing in library and information science programs. The findings from this study are expected to contribute to the body of library science by enabling a localized view to subject assignation. Ultimately, the significance of the study lies in its contribution to cataloguing education and research, especially with a perspective from Africa.

“Given the Subject Term – What is the Rest?” – On the Unity of a Sentence

Conceptus ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (96) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele M. Mras
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Subject Term ◽  
The Subject

SummaryBy examining the views of Frege, Russell, and Davidson it is shown that what a sentence is about cannot be determined without taking into account the interconnections among the other parts of a sentence. This is illustrated by considering in particular the effects of negating the predicate of a sentence.

scholarly journals KAIP APIBRĖŽIAMOSIOS DESKRIPCIJOS VARTOJAMOS SINGULIARINIAMS TEIGINIAMS IŠREIKŠTI?

Problemos ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 130-140
Author(s):  
Evgeny Borisov
Keyword(s):  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Definite Description ◽  
Definite Descriptions ◽  
Singular Proposition ◽  
Possible World ◽  
Possible World Semantics ◽  
Singular Propositions ◽  
Subject Term ◽  
The Subject

Straipsnyje keliamas klausimas: kokios sąlygos turi būti patenkintos, kad, ištarę sakinį su apibrėžiamąja deskripcija kaip sakinio subjektu, mes išreikštume singuliarinį teiginį (Kaplano prasme). Autorius teigia, kad Wettsteino įsitikinimas, jog teiginio singuliariškumas nustatomas ištarimo metu nurodant apibrėžiamosios deskripcijos referentą, yra nenuoseklus. Straipsnyje siūlomas kitas singuliariškumo kriterijus: teiginys yra singuliarinis, jeigu jame dalyvaujanti apibrėžiamoji deskripcija įvertinama vieninteliame galimame pasaulyje, o jeigu apibrėžiamoji deskripcija turi būti įvertinta daugiau nei vieno galimo pasaulio atžvilgiu, tai teiginys yra bendrasis (general). Šis kriterijus veiksmingas aiškinant kontroversiškus atvejus – kai išreiškiame teisingą singuliarinį teiginį, kurio subjekto dėmuo nedera su apibrėžiamąja deskripcija, pavartota ištartame sakinyje.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: apibrėžiamoji deskripcija, nuoroda, singuliarinis ir bendrasis teiginys, galimų pasaulių semantika. How Do We Use Definite Descriptions to Express Singular Propositions?Evgeny Borisov AbstractThe paper is devoted to the question: under what conditions do we express a singular proposition (in the Kaplanian sense) when uttering a sentence containing a definite description as the subject term. It is argued that Wettstein’s claim that singularity of a proposition is determined by the demonstration of the referent of definite description accompanying the utterance contains an inconsistency. An alternative criterion of singularity is proposed: we express a singular proposition if the definite description in question is to be evaluated at a single possible world, and we express a general one if the definite description in question is to be evaluated at a range of possible worlds. This criterion is effective in explaining controversial cases in which we manage to express a true singular proposition with a subject constituent that does not fit the definite description used in the utterance.Keywords: definite description, reference, singular and general propositions, possible world semantics

TECHNIQUES OF CONDUCTING INTERROGATION DURING POLICE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2101-2107
Author(s):  
Kire Babanoski ◽  
Ice Ilijevski
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Great Level ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Police Interrogation ◽  
Psychological Pressure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come

Modern interrogation is a study in human nature with great level of psychological manipulation which is used by police officer. The main characteristic of a police interrogation is that the suspect is under strong psychological pressure from the interrogator in order to speak the truth and to give the confession. The main purpose of a police Interrogation is to obtain a confession and to come to the objective truth, or other critical information about the crime, from an interviewed suspect, who is subject of interrogation. Interrogation (also called questioning or interpellation) is interviewing as commonly employed by officers of the police or other law enforcement agencies with the goal of extracting a confession or incriminating statements. Subjects of interrogation are often suspects involved in crimes. Information from victims and witnesses is usually obtained through interviews. Interrogation may involve a diverse array of techniques, ranging from developing a rapport with the subject to outright torture.The main object of this paper is police interrogation, which is theoretically and descriptively analyzed through its various methods and techniques that are part of the process of extracting the truth and getting a confession from the suspects. For that aim, particular attention is paid to criminal operational aspects of contemporary Reid technique, and also presented examples of its application in the police interrogation. The Reid technique is a method of questioning subjects and assessing their credibility. The technique consists of a non-accusatory interview combining both investigative and behavior-provoking questions. If the investigative information indicates that the subject committed the crime in question, the Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation are utilized to persuade the subject to tell the truth about what they did. The Reid technique is a trademarked interrogation technique widely used by law enforcement agencies in North America. The technique (which requires interrogators to watch the body language of suspects to detect deceit) has been criticized for being difficult to apply across cultures and eliciting false confessions from innocent people.The purpose of this paper is through scientific explanation to raise the importance and quality of police interrogation as one of the methods for getting to the truth, especially in criminal cases where there is a lack of other evidence.

scholarly journals Wywoływanie lęku jako strategia nakłaniająca (na przykładzie wypowiedzi uczniów gimnazjum)

2005 ◽  
pp. 135-149
Author(s):  
Leszek Tymiakin
Keyword(s):  
Junior High ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Junior High Students ◽  
Subject Term ◽  
Communication Situation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Linguistic Structures

The article describes and analyzes how junior high students understand the meaning of fear, as well as how it is used to communicate. The results of the survey carried out in the Lublin Province show that although youth develop a denotation scope of the subject term, they’d rather use a persuading strategy based on the attempts to evoke fear and frighten an interlocutor. The realization of such a procedure is usually performed in two phases, that is, once a communication situation is recognized, the choice of suitable (effective) linguistic structures is made. Verbs expressing a wish and a duty, evaluating/assessing labels, text meta-operators emphasizing illocutionary strength/power of an utterance as well as imperatives appear to be particularly useful in the kind of persuasion being described. Both directive kinds (appeal, threat, order, warning, command, ban, request) as well as non-directive ones are used in verbal utterances/messages of dominant threatening function addressed to a specified interlocutor in appropriately indicated social situations. Despite artificial promises or declarations the latter ones may control interlocutory behaviour if in a specific use they generate fear and force behaviour frequently inconsistent with interlocutor’s beliefs but consistent with the speaker’s expectations.

scholarly journals The Impact of Using Computer Simulation on Correcting Physical Misconceptions in the Subject of Periodic Motion among Eleventh Grade Students in the Sultanate of Oman

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 318
Author(s):  
Amal R. Malkawi ◽  
Rashid J. Al Maamari
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Periodic Motion ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
The North ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

This study aimed to detect the impact of using computer simulation on correcting physical misconceptions in the subject of periodic motion among the eleventh grade students in the Sultanate of Oman. The researchers used a quasi-experimental approach and the study sample consisted of 128 of eleventh grade. Students were selected randomly in a deliberate manner from two schools, in the North Batinah Governorate. The students were distributed into two groups; experimental and control. The experimental group consisted from (65 students) and studied the scientific material related to the unit of periodic motion using computer simulation. The control group consisted of 63 students and studied the same scientific material by traditional method.The study found a diverse and wide series of misconceptions in the subject of periodic motion and revealed the inability of students to provide a true scientific explanation for many phenomena that are related to the periodic motion. The study also found significant statistical differences in correcting the misconceptions sample in the subject of periodic motion due to teaching methods in favor of the experimental group. The study didn’t show statistically significant differences due to gender.

Adam Wodeham on the Meaning of Declarative Sentences

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Nuchelmans
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Continuous Line ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Peter Abelard ◽  
Subject Term ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Articles Of Faith ◽  
Mode Of Being ◽  
The Middle Ages

Summary In the Middle Ages, the view that complexa or declarative sentences, mental, spoken, or written, have a peculiar significate which is fundamentally different from the significate of simple acts of apprehending with their corresponding expressions had as its most notable defenders Peter Abelard and Gregory of Rimini. The question whether there was a continuous line of thought connecting these two authors has become susceptible of a somewhat less speculative answer since relevant texts of William Crathorn and Adam Wodeham, who advocated a similar doctrine several years before Gregory of Rimini, have been made available. In this article, it is submitted that Wodeham’s theory should be viewed in the light of the debates concerning the identity of the articles of faith and the immutability of God’s knowledge that had begun in the course of the twelfth century. Wodeham rejected both the view that the object of assent is the complexum whose formation is presupposed by the act of assenting and the view that it is the thing signified by the subject-term of such a complexum. Instead, he argued for a theory according to which the object of assent is the total significate of a proposition and according to which this significate is a mode of being that essentially includes a complexio or predicative combination and the time consignified by the copula, and cannot, therefore, be subsumed under any of the Aristotelian categories. Nearly all the crucial theses and arguments involved in this position can be traced back to the traditional debates concerning the articles of faith and God’s knowledge. So, if there is a connection between Abelard’s doctrine and the views defended by 14th-century authors, it is most likely to lie in the writings containing those debates.

Supposition Theory and Porretan Theology: Summa Zwettlensis and Dialogus Ratii et Everardi

Vivarium ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 119-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Valente
Keyword(s):  
Formal System ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Subject Term ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Supposition Theory ◽  
Formal Rules

Abstract The article investigates how the problem of (linguistic) reference is treated in the theology of two pupils of Gilbert of Poitiers by means of suppo* terms (supponere; suppositus,-a,-um; suppositio). Supposition is for Gilbert an action performed by a speaker, not a property of terms, and he considers language as a system for communication between human beings: key notions are the ‘sense in the author’s mind’ and the ‘interpreter’s understanding’. In contrast, the two Porretans tend to objectify language as a formal system of terms. Suppositio becomes in the Summa Zwettlensis the name itself as subject term in a proposition, and is divided into many kinds; formal rules are described which govern the influence of the predicate on the subject term’s denotation. In Everard of Ypres’ Dialogus Ratii et Everardi, supponere is a function (officium) of the name, and ‘human is a species of individuals’ is, as in some logical treatises and differently from Gilbert, a case of rhetorical transfer.

scholarly journals Why Children, Parrots, and Actors Cannot Speak: The Stoics on Genuine and Superficial Speech

Apeiron ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sosseh Assaturian
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Subject Term ◽  
Logical Investigations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Consensus View ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Peculiar Case

AbstractAt Varro LL VI.56 and SE M 8.275-276, we find reports of the Stoic view that children and articulate non-rational animals such as parrots cannot genuinely speak. Absent from these testimonia is the peculiar case of the superficiality of the actor’s speech, which appears in one edition of the unstable text of PHerc 307.9 containing fragments of Chrysippus’ Logical Investigations. Commentators who include this edition of the text in their discussions of the Stoic theory of speech do not offer a univocal account of the superficiality of the parrot’s, the child’s, and the actor’s speech. In this paper, I offer a reconstruction of the Stoic account of genuine and superficial speech and show that not only is there an account of superficial speech that univocally explains the superficiality of the speech of parrots, children, and actors, but that this account challenges traditional assumptions about the entities at the heart of the Stoic theory of language—lekta. It will turn out that genuine speech is the expression of a lekton by way of performing a speech act, and that this account of superficial speech can be used to explain other linguistic phenomena that are of interest to the Stoics, such as sentences in insoluble sophisms and sentences containing demonstratives that do not refer to anything in the subject term. Importantly, my reconstruction shows, against the near consensus view of lekta, that lekta do not primarily explain what makes an utterance meaningful. Rather, they primarily explain what makes an utterance an instance of genuine speech.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document