A ‘Suitable Amount’ of Crime and a Cultural-Civilisational Approach

Juridica International ◽

10.12697/ji.2017.25.01 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 3

Author(s):

Jüri Saar

Keyword(s):

Gender Gap ◽

Normal Level ◽

Criminal Careers ◽

Cultural Criminology ◽

Measurable Variable ◽

Suitable Amount

The article presents the hypothesis that a normal level (e.g., optimal, reasonable, or suitable amount) of crime is an empirically measurable variable. Adequate assessment of crime in a specific civilisation is possible via comparison of crime across different civilisations. To this end, key elements for a cultural-civilisational approach, distinct from ‘cultural criminology’, are presented. In this approach, crime is an inevitable part of cultural phenomena, wherefore the definitions of crimes, punishments, and their execution manifest value specificities of individual cultures (civilisations). Three characteristics related to criminal careers – the ‘gender gap’, the ‘age–crime curve’, and a ‘dual taxonomy’, identified regularly by various studies are reviewed and interpreted anew.

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Effects of Noise and Increased Vocal Intensity on Stuttering

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.2002.233 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 233-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Sharon F. Garber ◽

Richard R. Martin

Keyword(s):

Normal Level ◽

Auditory Feedback ◽

Concomitant Increase ◽

Vocal Intensity ◽

Presence And Absence

The present study was designed to assess the effects of increased vocal level on stuttering in the presence and absence of noise, and to assess the effects of noise on stuttering with and without a concomitant increase in vocal level. Accordingly, eight adult stutterers spoke in quiet with normal vocal level, in quiet with increased vocal level, in noise with normal level, and in noise with increased level. All subjects reduced stuttering in noise compared with quiet conditions. However, there was no difference in stuttering when subjects spoke with normal compared with increased vocal level. In the present study, reductions in stuttering under noise could not be explained by increases in vocal level. It appears, instead, that reductions in stuttering were related to a decrease in auditory feedback. The condition which resulted in the largest decrease in auditory feedback, speaking in noise with a normal level, also resulted in the largest decrease in stuttering.

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