scholarly journals New and rare lichens and allied fungi from the Pskov Region, Russia

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina B. Istomina ◽  
Olga V. Likhacheva ◽  
Irina S. Stepanchikova ◽  
Ekaterina S. Kuznetsova ◽  
Dmitry E. Himelbrant
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Anthropogenic Transformation ◽  
Lichenicolous Fungi ◽  
Pskov Region ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

Forty-one species of lichens and two lichenicolous fungi are reported from the Pskov Region. Of them, thirty-nine species are new for the region, including Lempholemma dispansum – a rare species with scattered distribution, previously recorded only once in the European Russia in the 19th century. The most important findings are confined to ancient limestone outcrops and old manor parks: these habitats are also promising for further investigations, taking in account high level of anthropogenic transformation of the Pskov Region.

Сирия (аш-Шам) в системе османских владений (XVI – начало XX в.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Zhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

Аннотация В статье рассматривается роль и место Сирии (включая Ливан и Палестину) в системе османских владений на протяжении нескольких веков от османского завоевания до периода правления султана Абдул-Хамида II. В течение четырех столетий османского владычества территория исторической Сирии (Билад аш-Шам) была одним из важнейших компонентов османской системы и играла роль связующего звена между Анатолией, Египтом, Ираком и Хиджазом. Необходимость ежегодной организации хаджа с символами султанской власти и покровительства над святынями Мекки и Медины определяла особую стратегическую важность сирийских провинций Османской империи. Несмотря на ряд серьезных угроз во время общего кризиса османской государственности (конец XVI начало XIX вв.), имперскому центру удалось сохранить контроль над Сирией путем создания сдержек и противовесов между местными элитами. В XIX в. и особенно в период правления Абдул- Хамида II (18761909 гг.), сохранение Сирии под османским контролем стало вопросом существования Османской империи, которая перед лицом растущего европейского давления и интервенции потеряла большую часть своих владений на Балканах и в Северной Африке. Задача укрепления связей между имперским центром и периферией в сирийских вилайетах в последней четверти XIX в. была в целом успешно решена. К началу XX в. Сирия была одним из наиболее политически спокойных и прочно связанных со Стамбулом регионов Османской империи. Этому в значительной степени способствовали довольно высокий уровень общественной безопасности, развитие внешней торговли, рост образования и постепенная интеграция местных элит (как мусульман, так и христиан) в османские государственные и социальные механизмы. Положение Сирии в системе османских владений показало, что процесс ослабления и территориальной дезинтеграции Османской империи в эпоху реформ не был линейным и наряду с потерей владений и влияния на Балканах, в азиатской части империи в течение XIX и начала XX вв. происходил параллельный процесс имперской консолидации.Abstract The article examines the role and place of Greater Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the system of Ottoman possessions over several centuries from the Ottoman conquest to the period of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. For four centuries of Ottoman domination, the territory of historical Syria (Bilad al-Sham) was one of the most important components in the Ottoman system and played the role of a link between Anatolia, Egypt, Iraq and Hijaz. The need to ensure the Hajj with symbols of Sultan power and patronage over the shrines of Mecca and Medina each year determined the special strategic importance of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Despite a number of serious threats during the general crisis of the Ottoman state system (late 16th early 19th centuries), the imperial center managed to maintain control over Syria by creating checks and balances between local elites. In the 19th century. And especially during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (18761909), keeping Syria under Ottoman control became a matter of existence for the Ottoman Empire, which, in the face of increasing European pressure and intervention, lost most of its possessions in the Balkans and North Africa. The task of strengthening ties between the imperial center and the periphery in Syrian vilayets in the last quarter of the 19th century was generally successfully resolved. By the beginning of the 20th century, Syria was one of the most politically calm and firmly connected with Istanbul regions of the Ottoman Empire. This was greatly facilitated by a fairly high level of public safety, the development of foreign trade, the growth of education and the gradual integration of local elites (both Muslims and Christians) into Ottoman state and social mechanisms. Syrias position in the system of Ottoman possessions clearly showed that the process of weakening and territorial disintegration of the Ottoman Empire during the era of reform was not linear, and along with the loss of possessions and influence in the Balkans, in the Asian part of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a parallel process of imperial consolidation.

scholarly journals Konstantin Stepanovich Veselovskii. To the 200th anniversary of his birth

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-127
Author(s):  
O. V. Chernitsova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Russian Soil ◽  
History Of ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Statistical Atlas

The paper considers the contribution of K.S. Veselovskii (20.05.1819–03.11.1901), the Russian statistician of the 19th century, to the development of geographical science. Compiled under his editorship and with his direct participation, the Economic-Statistical Atlas of the European Russia, the first Russian economic atlas, summarized key information on agriculture as the basis for the Russian economy of the mid-19th century. The method of graphical representation of statistical data on the maps of the Atlas was innovative and contributed to the development of world cartography. The history of compiling the earliest Russian soil map is discussed in detail. The map depicted the geographical patterns of soil distribution in European Russia and their relation to climate. The generalized map was included in the Economic-Statistical Atlas and it became the first soil map of the country in the world. The study “On the Climate of Russia,” in which K.S. Veselovskii collected and critically processed all available observations of air temperature, winds and precipitation played a significant role in the development of geographical science. The role of K.S. Veselovskii in the organization of meteorological observations in Russia is also shown.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE CONFESSIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF THE PSKOV REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2018 ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Andrey G. Manakov ◽  
◽  
Vitaliy S. Dementiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Unique Object ◽  
Pskov Region ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the results of a historical and geographical study of the confessional composition of the population of the Pskov region using the time series analysis. This method has been widely used in the historical geography of the population. The study covers almost 50 years since the middle of the 19th century to the census of the population in 1897. This period is divided into two stages, and the turn of the 1870-80s is chosen as the intermediate date. The study reveals differences in the confessional structure of the population of the Pskov region. The Pskov region is a unique object for studying various historical and geographical processes; in particular, participating in the formation of the modern ethno-cultural space of the Northwest of Russia. This is explained by the position of the region in the contact zone of three cultural worlds, the specifics of which are determined by the prevailing religions. This is the Russian Orthodox world (the territory of the Pskov region), the Central European Catholic world (the eastern part of Latvia - Latgale), and the Northern European Lutheran world (Estonia). In order to study all of the processes, one can suggest using methods developed in historical geography, in particular, time series analysis.

The preliminary list of lichens of the Pskov Region

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 171-199
Author(s):  
N. B. Istomina ◽  
O. V. Likhacheva
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Lichenicolous Fungi ◽  
Pskov Region

Preliminary list of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Pskov Region, based on the author’s collections, literature records and herbarium specimens (PSK) is provided. It includes 299 species. The substrates and frequency of lichens are listed. Thirty protected and rare species and 12 new species for the Pskov Region are reported.

The ‘Real’ Price of Primary Products

1977 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.F. Ray
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
The Real ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Real Price ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Real Value ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article traces the course of world commodity prices back to the middle of the 19th century and attempts to assess the changes in their purchasing value by deflating them by the export prices of manufactured goods. The purchasing power of commodity prices was in decline over long periods but they usually regained their earlier real value, or improved on it, in powerful upsurges of which the 1972-74 boom was the most recent; it was also unique in peacetime and, though with fluctuations, the purchasing value of commodities has since remained at a relatively high level.

scholarly journals Trading in Air Bangis in the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Junaidi Junaidi ◽  
Ratna Ratna
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The West ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dutch Colonial

This study aims to explain trading activities at the Air Bangis harbor during the Dutch Colonial Government. Since the early 19th century, the Dutch Colonial Government had been more ambitious than before to utilize as much forest and agricultural products as possible in the hinterland of the West Coast of Sumatra. This intention was also supported by the improvement of the functions of harbor cities along the West Coast of Sumatra, including Air Bangis. The improvement per se had allowed a small-scale trade to be upgraded to export-oriented free harbors. The high level of trading activity in the Air Bangis harbor was made possible by its hinterland which is rich in export commodities. Among the types of the export commodities were gold, camphor, myrrh, rattan, dammar, coffee and pepper. The Air Bangis harbor had a role in lifting the spirits of the foreign nations, such as Aceh, VOC, English, and the Dutch Colonial Government, to build their influences in the harbor. The competition often caused friction which resulted in a conflict and power overtaking. The winners would take over the power from the losers, established their hegemony and monopolized the trade in the area of Air Bangis. The prosperity of the maritime activities in Air Bangis reached its peak in the first quarter of the 19th century, but it did not last long. In the last quarter of the 19th century, maritime activities in Air Bangis harbor started to decline. Nevertheless, sea voyage and trading activities in Air Bangis harbor had given a specific color to the maritime world in the West Sumatera Coast.

scholarly journals Shevchenko’s Grateful Readers from Dnieper Ukraine: Volodymyr Antonovych and Mykola Lysenko

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Roxana Kharchuk
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper outlines the portrait of Shevchenko’s reader from the Dnieper Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century based on the example of two prominent figures of Kyiv (Old) “Hromada” Volodymyr Antonovych and Mykola Lysenko. The first one represented the intellectuals from the Right Bank Ukraine, the second one ‒ from the Left Bank part. Under the influence of the Ukrainian national renaissance Volodymyr Antonovych became de-Polonized. He was the first political Ukrainian who understood the significance of Shevchenko’s poetry for the formation of Ukrainian national identity (this is evidenced by his memoirs and promoting Shevchenko’s works). According to M. Starytskyi, Mykola Lysenko perceived “Kobzar” passionately. Not only did he become de-Russificated under the influence of Shevchenko’s poetry, but also made the music to “Kobzar” a matter of his life. The author of the paper emphasizes that Shevchenko’s works urged the intellectuals from the Right and Left Bank Ukraine, disconnected after the Truce of Andrusovo, to unite in “Hromada” movement. At the same time the Left Bank intellectuals dominated in “Hromada”. On the researcher’s opinion, this fact may be explained by the high level of education in the Cossak Hetmanate Ukraine. “Kobzar” was a cornerstone for the educational program of Ukrainian ‘narodnyks’ and this whole intellectual movement was based on it. Shevchenko’s works essentially contributed to spreading the Ukrainian idea in Galicia. There is an opinion, that it was the Galician people who separated the Ukrainian national identity from Russian, while in the Left Bank Ukraine both of these identities coexisted. The author of the paper believes that the intellectuals in both parts of Ukraine in 1860s-1870s had an indistinct national identity. Unlike the Galicians the intellectuals from Ukraine under Russian rule, in particular Volodymyr Antonovych, could not speak openly about Ukrainian self-sufficiency. However Shevchenko (born in the Right Bank Ukraine) was first among Ukrainian intellectuals to voice a thesis about the separation of Ukrainians from Russians, about the distinctive Ukrainian history, language and literature that differ from the Russian ones.

scholarly journals Revision of the characeae (Charales, Charophyceae) species and their distribution in Lithuania

Botanica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 95-124
Author(s):  
Zofija Sinkevičienė ◽  
Zigmantas Gudžinskas
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Nitellopsis Obtusa ◽  
Chara Globularis ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Occurrence Of Species

The current inventory was mainly based on revising herbarium specimens collected since the 19th century and confirmed twenty-one Characeae species in Lithuania. They are representatives of five genera: Chara (12 species), Nitella (5), Tolypella (2), Lychnothamnus and Nitellopsis (by one species each). Thirteen species mentioned in references or labels of herbarium specimens were not confirmed. The occurrence of the Characeae species was recorded in 251 map grid cells (42% of the total number 593). Herbarium specimens were collected from 693 water bodies, mainly lakes. Chara globularis was the most common species, recorded in 150 map grid cells and more than 250 water bodies. Ten species (C. aspera, C. contraria, C. filiformis, C. subspinosa, C. tomentosa, C. virgata, C. vulgaris, Nitella mucronata, N. flexilis, Nitellopsis obtusa) were recorded in the interval from 100 to 50 grid cells and also belong to the group of common species. Chara papillosa and C. strigosa were recorded less than in 50 grid cells and should be considered quite common. Eight species (C. baltica, C. canescens, Lychnothamnus barbatus, Nitella confervacea, N. gracilis, N. syncarpa, Tolypella nidifica, T. prolifera) were recorded in ten or fewer grid cells and belong to the group of rare or very rare species. The occurrence of species that have not been confirmed by the herbarium specimens was discussed.

scholarly journals Trading in Air Bangis in the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Junaidi Junaidi ◽  
Ratna Ratna
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The West ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dutch Colonial

This study aims to explain trading activities at the Air Bangis harbor during the Dutch Colonial Government. Since the early 19th century, the Dutch Colonial Government had been more ambitious than before to utilize as much forest and agricultural products as possible in the hinterland of the West Coast of Sumatra. This intention was also supported by the improvement of the functions of harbor cities along the West Coast of Sumatra, including Air Bangis. The improvement per se had allowed a small-scale trade to be upgraded to export-oriented free harbors. The high level of trading activity in the Air Bangis harbor was made possible by its hinterland which is rich in export commodities. Among the types of the export commodities were gold, camphor, myrrh, rattan, dammar, coffee and pepper. The Air Bangis harbor had a role in lifting the spirits of the foreign nations, such as Aceh, VOC, English, and the Dutch Colonial Government, to build their influences in the harbor. The competition often caused friction which resulted in a conflict and power overtaking. The winners would take over the power from the losers, established their hegemony and monopolized the trade in the area of Air Bangis. The prosperity of the maritime activities in Air Bangis reached its peak in the first quarter of the 19th century, but it did not last long. In the last quarter of the 19th century, maritime activities in Air Bangis harbor started to decline. Nevertheless, sea voyage and trading activities in Air Bangis harbor had given a specific color to the maritime world in the West Sumatera Coast.

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