scholarly journals Development and reproduction of Lobesia botrana on vine and olive inflorescences

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Μ. Savopoulou- Soultani ◽  
D.G. Stavridis ◽  
Μ.Ε. Tzanakakis
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Lobesia Botrana ◽  
Olive Leaves ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Grape Vine ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Neonate Larvae

Grape vine (Vilis vinifera F.) inflorescences were caged in a bag of organdy in the field, and artificially infested with 15 neonate larvae of Lohesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermueller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Olive twigs, each bearing 5 pairs of inflorescences were caged likewise. In laboratory experiments 15 neonate larvae were placed in each Petri dish containing one vine inflorescence or an olive twig bearing two pairs of inflorescences. Three stages of inflorescence development were used, an early, an intermediate and a late one. Larvae, pupae and adults were maintained at L:D 16:8 and 24″:22°C. In the field, when comparing inflorescences of the earliest developmental stage, the rate of larval development was significantly faster on olive than on vine inflorescences. In the laboratory, when comparing inflorescences of similar developmental stages, the rate of larval development on olive inflorescences was significantly faster than that on vine inflorescences. Pupae of both sexes were significantly heavier on olive inflorescences in all the cases in the laboratory, but in only some cases in the field. In the field the number of eggs per female and the coefficient of multiplication of the insect’s population from generation to generation were greater on olive (102.6 and 3.8 respectively) than on vine inflorescences (81.7 and 2.9). In the laboratory, the respective values were 118.5 and 12.3 on olive, and 90.2 and 4.9 on vine inflorescences. In two-choice tests in the laboratory, vine inflorescences were preferred for oviposition to olive inflorescences and to vine or olive leaves. In no-choice tests, vine leaves, vine inflorescences, olive leaves and olive inflorescences in the least advanced stage, were all equally accepted for oviposition.

Origin and evolution of the frontoparietal complex in anurans

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbynek Rocek
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Original State ◽  
Phylogenetic Relations ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Condition ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Important Character

AbstractThe frontoparietal is a unique feature of anurans, not only if this group is compared with other amphibians, but also with other vertebrates as well. It is often used as an important character in anuran systematics. However, little is still known about its evolutionary origin and significance. This is the reason why its state in Triadobatrachus and fossil anurans was examined, and compared with the condition in osteolepiforms and labyrinthodonts. Besides that also an information from the larval development was taken into consideration. It follows from all these data that the frontoparietal in adult anurans is a compound bone; the originally independent elements forming it (frontals, parietals, and some other ones) either coalesced with each other, or have disappeared during the course of evolution, often in convergent fashion. As the original state is better reflected in early developmental stages, one may suppose that larval condition also better reflects phylogenetic relations than the definitive bone complex of adults.

149 AN INEXPENSIVE LABORATORY PRACTICE TO TEACH EMBRYO COLLECTION AND TRANSFER

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
A. Martinez ◽  
G. Tovar ◽  
C. Estrada ◽  
E. Esperon ◽  
S. Romo
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Laboratory Practice ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Laboratory Session ◽  
Ringer’S Lactate

The objective of this work is to describe a hands-on laboratory session for surgical embryo collection and transfer using rabbits as a model. Rabbits are characterised for their low purchase price, easy handling, and low maintenance, thus allowing their use as a tool for embryo transfer teaching and for its potential application in other species, such as the bovine, ovine, and caprine. These are important reasons in countries where the use of low-cost techniques and animal models is a must. Two females of the New Zealand breed were used as donors and one female of the Chinchilla breed was used as recipient. All females were healthy and multiparous. Three days after receiving natural service by a male, the donors were anesthetized (by injection of xylazine hydrochloride, 1.1 mg kg–1 IM, then sodium pentobarbital, 30 mg kg–1 IV), and ovariohysterectomy surgery was performed on each one. Each uterine horn was flushed 3 times with Ringer’s lactate (Hartmann) solution. Using a stereoscopic microscope, we searched for embryos and then placed them in a Petri dish for evaluation and selection. Once selected, embryos were moved to a 6-well dish containing 0.5 mL of a commercially available holding solution and washed 3 times. Twenty-one grades 1, 2, and 3 embryos were recovered and evaluated, showing developmental stages 1 to 6, according to IETS. The recipient female was anesthetized, and by laparotomy, her uterine horns were exteriorized to transfer a total of 15 grade 1 embryos with development stages 4 to 6. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by real-time ultrasound on Days 10 and 20 post-transfer, with positive results. The transferred embryos induced a 34-day pregnancy, including 3 days of embryo development within the donors. Parturition was normal and without problems; 2 live offspring were born, with normal weight and size. The technique, used for teaching purposes, was successfully performed by 3 graduate students directed by 2 professors. The use of rabbits as a teaching model was efficient and the total cost of the laboratory practice was low, as compared with the use of other domestic species. The handling of the females and their offspring was easy, the feeding costs were low, and the practical laboratory session was fulfilled. It is proposed that the rabbit species be used for teaching surgical embryo collection and transfer to graduate and undergraduate students in underdeveloped and developing countries, where low-cost teaching models are of the utmost importance.

scholarly journals Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residue Degradation of Basillus Thuringiensis, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 351-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Brunner ◽  
M. D. Doerr ◽  
L. O. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
Neonate Larvae

Abstract Using a leaf-disk bioassay, B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for residue effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The treatments were applied on 22 Sep at the recommended rate with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 6 and 8 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.

scholarly journals Phenylalanine Hydroxylase RNAi Knockdown Negatively Affects Larval Development, Molting and Swimming Performance of Salmon Lice

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashanna Guragain ◽  
Bjørnar Sporsheim ◽  
Astrid Skjesol ◽  
Anna Solvang Båtnes ◽  
Yngvar Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Salmon Lice ◽  
Morphological Defects

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is a crucial enzyme involved in tyrosine biosynthesis, having roles in neurological and physiological processes. The purpose of PAH has received little attention in crustaceans despite extensive investigations in other arthropods. Here, we characterize the PAH gene for the first time in the parasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis, a copepod that is responsible for huge economic losses in salmonid fish farming. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses confirmed that LsPAH is closely related to the metazoan PAH with conserved ACT regulatory and catalytic domains. Temporal expression patterns revealed that LsPAH is expressed throughout all developmental stages peaking during the copepodite stages, suggesting an essential role in developmental physiology. We used RNAi to knockdown LsPAH expression in the nauplius I stage to study developmental function during the larval stages. PAH knockdown impaired larval development, molting and swimming ability with severe morphological defects. This study provides insight into the role of PAH in copepods and demonstrates the importance of this metabolic gene in salmon louse growth and development.

scholarly journals Unexpected Mechanism of Symbiont-Induced Reversal of Insect Sex: Feminizing Wolbachia Continuously Acts on the Butterfly Eurema hecabe during Larval Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (13) ◽  
pp. 4332-4341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoko Narita ◽  
Daisuke Kageyama ◽  
Masashi Nomura ◽  
Takema Fukatsu
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Eurema Hecabe ◽  
Early Embryonic Stage ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Pupal Mortality ◽  
Intermediate Traits ◽  
Insect Sex

ABSTRACT When the butterfly Eurema hecabe is infected with two different strains (wHecCI2 and wHecFem2) of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, genetic males are transformed into functional females, resulting in production of all-female broods. In an attempt to understand how and when the Wolbachia endosymbiont feminizes genetically male insects, larval insects were fed an antibiotic-containing diet beginning at different developmental stages until pupation. When the adult insects emerged, strikingly, many of them exhibited sexually intermediate traits in their wings, reproductive organs, and genitalia. The expression of intersexual phenotypes was strong in the insects treated from first instar, moderate in the insects treated from third instar, and weak in the insects treated from fourth instar. The insects treated from early larval instar grew and pupated normally but frequently failed to emerge and died in the pupal case. The dead insects in the pupal case contained lower densities of the feminizing Wolbachia endosymbiont than the successfully emerged insects, although none of them were completely cured of the symbiont infection. These results suggest the following: (i) the antibiotic treatment suppressed the population of feminizing Wolbachia endosymbionts; (ii) the suppression probably resulted in attenuated feminizing activity of the symbiont, leading to expression of intersexual host traits; (iii) many of the insects suffered pupal mortality, possibly due to either intersexual defects or Wolbachia-mediated addiction; and hence (iv) the feminizing Wolbachia endosymbiont continuously acts on the host insects during larval development for expression of female phenotypes under a male genotype. Our finding may prompt reconsideration of the notion that Wolbachia-induced reproductive manipulations are already complete before the early embryonic stage and provide insights into the mechanism underlying the symbiont-induced reversal of insect sex.

Laboratory Studies on the Feeding Preference and Feeding Behaviour in Lygaeus equestris (L.) (Het. Lygaeidae)1

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Kugelberg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Feeding Choice ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Lygaeus Equestris

AbstractThe seed-feeding bug Lygaeus equestris changes and extends its food plant spectrum during its life-cycle. Whether this is the result of only the natural succession of the food plants, or also includes a change in the insect's food preference during its life, was the primary question of the present paper. Feeding-choice tests using ripe seeds from important food plants in the laboratory showed that Cynanchum vincetoxicum seeds were preferred during all stages of life. Among the lesser preferred seeds tested, a shift in preference occurred during the bug's development. It seems probable that this shift may be due as much to the physical as to the chemical properties of the seeds. It is suggested that most of the other plant species exploited for feeding by L. equestris probably serve mainly as substitute food when suitable developmental stages of C. vincetoxicum are absent or in short supply. Furthermore the paper gives some notes on duration of feeding upon seeds and effects of seed coat at initiation of feeding on Cynanchum and Helianthus seeds. During the third larval instar, the preference switches from the endosperm to the seed coat for initiation of feeding on Cynanchum seeds, and so it remains during the following stages. On Helianthus seeds, only adult L. equestris feed as willingly through the coat as directly from the endosperm.

Development of the neotropical catfish Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) incubated in different temperature regimes

Zygote ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana Marielle Rodrigues-Galdino ◽  
Camila Valente Maiolino ◽  
Mariana Forgati ◽  
Lucélia Donatti ◽  
Jorge Daniel Mikos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Early Juvenile ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Rhamdia Quelen ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Chemosensory Systems ◽  
Scanning Electron

SummaryThe developmental stages for the embryonic and larval periods of the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) kept at different temperatures (21, 24, 27 and 30°C) are described. Fish were analysed under light and scanning electron microscopy. For embryonic development, we described 25 stages, which were grouped into seven periods named zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and hatching periods. For larval development, we defined three stages (early, mid, and late larvae). Additionally, the main ontogenetic events during the post-larvae and early juvenile periods were also described. This species presents a well developped lateral line and chemosensory systems that grow up during the larval period, maturing in the post-larvae. All tested temperatures are viable to R. quelen development, but a shorter incubation period was necessary to complete the development at lower temperatures. However, some malformations (heart edema) were verified at 30°C.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document