scholarly journals Κλινικοπαθολογοανατομική μελέτη περιγεννητικής θνησιμότητας εμβρύων 2ου και 3ου τριμήνου

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Χριστίνα Γουδέλη
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Condition

Εισαγωγή: Η περιγεννητική θνησιμότητα είναι ένας από τους πρωιμότερους δείκτες Μαιευτικής Περίθαλψης. Έχουν καταγραφεί τουλάχιστον 32 συστήματα ταξινόμησης των αιτιών θανάτου με βάση διαφορετικούς ορισμούς, τη χρονική περίοδο, τα διαφορετικά δεδομένα και τους στόχους των εκάστοτε μελετών. Παρουσιάζουμε τα αίτα θανάτου των θνησιγενών εμβρύων και νεογνών κατά τα έτη 1993-2012 σε τριτοβάθμιο Νοσοκομείο των Αθηνών. Υλικά και Μέθοδος: Πρόκειται για μια αναδρομική μελέτη βασισμένη στο αρχείο των νεκροτομών εμβρύων και νεογνών της τελευταίας 20ετίας από την 22η εβδομάδα κύησης έως και 7 ημέρες μετά τον τοκετό. Για την ταξινόμηση των αποτελεσμάτων εξαιρέθηκαν οι φαρμακευτικές αποβολές και όσες περιείχαν ασαφείς μεταβλητές. Η μακρο/μικροσκοπική εξέταση του θνησιγενούς εμβρύου-υμένων πραγματοποιήθηκαν από παθολογοανατόμο εξειδικευμένο στην περιγεννητική ιατρική. Επιλέχθηκε το σύστημα ReCoDe2005 (relevant condition of death) το οποίο ανταποκρινόταν με απλό και ανά εξεταζόμενη μονάδα -έμβρυο, μητέρα, υμένες, τραύμα κτλ- στα ευρήματα του Εργαστηρίου μας.Αποτελέσματα: Από το 1993 μέχρι το 2012 καταγράφηκαν 23.520 γεννήσεις. Σε αυτές, σημειώθηκαν 278 περιγεννητικοί θάνατοι. Το 52,1% των θανάτων αφορούσε σε αγόρια. Επίσης, το 90,3% των περιπτώσεων ήταν πρόωρα. Το μέσο βάρος ήταν 1029,3 gr και το μέσο εκατοστημόριο ήταν το 29,8. Στο 78,4% των περιπτώσεων ο πλακούντας δεν ήταν φυσιολογικός και στο 27,7% ο ομφάλιος λώρος δεν ήταν φυσιολογικός. Ακόμα, το 33,0% των περιπτώσεων αφορούσε σε δίδυμη/πολύδυμη κύηση. Το είδος της αποβολής ήταν κατά κύριο λόγο αυτόματη (94,6% των περιπτώσεων). Το 30,9% των αποβολών που καταγράφηκαν έγιναν από το 1993 έως το 1997, και η πλειοψηφία των αποβολών έγινε μεταξύ 22ης και 27ης εβδομάδας κύησης με το ποσοστό να φτάνει το 61,2%. Επίσης, το 33,2% των περιπτώσεων αφορούσε σε μητέρες που ήταν 25-30 ετών και το 31,8% σε μητέρες που ήταν 31-35 ετών. Συνολικά, στο χρόνο καταγραφής σημειώθηκαν 11,8 αποβολές ανά 1000 γεννήσεις, ενώ η συχνότερη αιτία αφορούσε σε πρόβλημα το εμβρύου με το ποσοστό να φτάνει το 44,6% ενώ στο 19,4% υπήρξε πρόβλημα στον πλακούντα.Συμπεράσματα: Η χρήση μιας ενιαίας μεθόδου κατηγοριοποίησης των αιτιών της περιγεννητικής θνησιμότητας σε ευρεία βάση δεδομένων – πχ ICD10 – θα μπορούσε να συνεισφέρει στην καλύτερη κατανόηση και αντιμετώπισή τους.

scholarly journals The Margins of Global Sourcing: Theory and Evidence from US Firms

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 2514-2564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pol Antràs ◽  
Teresa C. Fort ◽  
Felix Tintelnot
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Global Sourcing ◽  
Trade Shocks ◽  
Relevant Condition ◽  
Sourcing Decisions ◽  
Country Specific

We develop a quantifiable multi-country sourcing model in which firms self-select into importing based on their productivity and country-specific variables. In contrast to canonical export models where firm profits are additively separable across destination markets, global sourcing decisions naturally interact through the firm's cost function. We show that, under an empirically relevant condition, selection into importing exhibits complementarities across source markets. We exploit these complementarities to solve the firm's problem and estimate the model. Comparing counterfactual predictions to reduced-form evidence highlights the importance of interdependencies in firms' sourcing decisions across markets, which generate heterogeneous domestic sourcing responses to trade shocks. (JEL D24, F14, F23, L14, L21)

scholarly journals Stillbirths - Determining the associated factors and causes according to relevant condition at death: an experience from Pokhara, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Junu Shrestha ◽  
Rami Shrestha ◽  
Sonam Gurung
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Relevant Condition ◽  
Cord Prolapse

Background: Stillbirth contributes significantly to perinatal mortality. This study was conducted with aim to determine various factors associated with it and to define the causes of stillbirth according to relevant condition at birth.Materials and Methods :This is prospective cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Manipal Teaching Hospital from July 2015 to June 2017. All cases of stillbirth occurring during antenatal or intrapartum period after 28 weeks of gestation or fetus weighing 1000 grams or more were included. Detailed demographic parameters were noted. After delivery, fetus, placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid were noted in detail. Data was entered in SPSS version 16 and analysis done.Results: The stillbirth rate was 22 per 1000 births. Low educational level of women, lack of antenatal care, multiparous status, gestational age less than 34 weeks, low birth weight and male gender of fetus were found to be significantly associated with stillbirths. The cause of fetal death could be identified according to relevant condition at death in 84% of cases. Only in 16%, the cause of stillbirth was not identified. Intrauterine growth restriction was the commonest cause of stillbirth (22%), followed by congenital anomalies (15%) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (14%). Other causes were abruptio (7%), intrapartum asphyxia (7%) and rupture uterus (5%). Other minor causes were anemia, diabetes, cord prolapse and amniotic fluid abnormalities.Conclusion :Low level of education, lack of quality antenatal care, multiparity, low gestational age and birth weight and male sex of fetus were factors associated with stillbirth. The cause of stillbirth was identified in most of the cases and largely was due to intrauterine growth restriction.Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeVolume 6, Number 2, Issue 11, July-December 2017, 58-65

Now, the paragraph by paragraph consideration will recommence. • Lord Bridge observes that the contract in question is not a consumer contract but ‘any other contract’: This information is obtained by a careful reading of s 55(4) plus knowledge of what a consumer sale is; look back at Figure 4.16 and re-read s 55(4). As for consumer contract recall the phrase as it was referred to in Chapter 3 when UCTA 1977 was dissected. This contract is commercial not consumer and therefore falls under the second heading in s 55(4). • Lord Bridge further observes that cl 3 of the relevant condition exempts the seller from liability for breach of ss 13 and 14 of the Sale of Goods Act. This is a good example of the need to have an active dialogue with the text. Clause 3 is the third sentence of the relevant condition and the relevant condition is the condition limiting liability. How is this known? Because on p 310 Lord Bridge states (para 2 (see précis above)): issues arise from three sentences in the conditions of sale. These are set out and identified. He states he will call this the relevant condition, and will call each sentence a clause, so cll 1, 2, 3. See also Figure 4.15, above. • Lord Bridge goes on to say that ss 13 and 14 provide that: items sold by description should correspond to the description; items sold should be of merchantable quality, and that cll 1 and 2 substitute for the full protection of the legislation the limited obligation to replace seeds or refund price of seeds. • Lord Bridge sums up that the statutory issue depends on whether cll 1 and 2 are ‘fair and reasonable’ according to the criteria as set out in s 55(4) and (5). • Lord Bridge gives some general guidelines about how the judiciary should respond to the powers given to it in s 55. Students may be tempted to skip over this paragraph, but valuable information is given concerning judicial interpretation of statutes. One of the reasons that the case is important is that for the first time the House of Lords is being asked to consider a modern statutory provision that gives the court power to decide to override contractual provisions limiting or excluding liability that have been agreed between the parties at

2012 ◽  
pp. 109-109
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Interpretation ◽  
Consumer Contract ◽  
The Third ◽  
Statutory Provision ◽  
Relevant Condition ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
Look Back ◽  
First Time ◽  
Full Protection

common law. This is a far reaching power to interfere with the freedom of individuals to contract. The court can say ‘no’, you cannot freely agree this, because, in our opinion, it is not fair and reasonable. The actual decision in this case specifically regarding s 55 is of limited importance (as we are told s 55 is protecting the contracts made between 18 May 1973 and 1 February 1978) and, as such, would soon outlive its usefulness. However, the wording of s 55 is substantially replicated in s 11 and Schedule 2 of UCTA 1977, which Bridge predicts will be of increasing importance (and he was correct). • He discusses the fact that the exercise of any power to decide what is fair or reasonable will involve legitimate judicial differences and that the courts should refrain from interfering with the decision of the previous court unless they feel that there was a clearly wrong decision or that the case was decided on some clearly erroneous principle. • Lord Bridge turns to a question of construction, of the meaning of words used in the statute. • The onus is on the respondents to show that it would not be fair or reasonable to allow the appellant to rely on the relevant condition. • Appellants said the court must look at the situation at the date of the contract, but Lord Bridge said that the true meaning of the phrase in s 55(5) ‘regard shall be had to all the circumstances of the case’ must mean that the situation at the time of breach and after breach must be taken into account. • Lord Bridge discusses another issue of the meaning of words used in the statute. The meaning of the words ‘to the extent’ in s 55(4). • Lord Bridge asks: ‘Is it fair and reasonable to allow partial reliance on a limitation clause, to decide…that the respondents should recover say, half their consequential damage?’ • Lord Bridge goes on to say that he considers that the meaning of the phrase ‘to the extent’ is ‘in so far as or in circumstances in which’. • He suggests that the phrase does not ‘permit the kind of judgment of Solomon illustrated by the example’. The reference to Solomon is typical of the literary/religious referencing that one often finds in cases. Solomon was an Old Testament king accredited with much wisdom in his judging. When confronted with a baby claimed by two mothers he suggested cutting it in half so each could have half. The false mother agreed, the real mother said no, the other mother could have the baby. Thus, he located the real mother.

2012 ◽  
pp. 110-110
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wrong Decision ◽  
The Real ◽  
Relevant Condition ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
Actual Decision

Ignition and Behavior of Arc Spots on Helium Irradiated Tungsten Under Fusion Relevant Condition

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 3609-3616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Kajita ◽  
Dogyun Hwangbo ◽  
Noriyasu Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Condition ◽  
And Behavior

Weak Crossover as a Scope Phenomenon

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Ruys
Keyword(s):  
Weak Crossover ◽  
Crossover Effects ◽  
Relevant Condition ◽  
Intended Interpretation ◽  
Syntactic Restrictions ◽  
Scope Assignment ◽  
The Way

This article investigates the proper characterization of the condition that is responsible for weak crossover effects. It argues that the relevant condition belongs to scope theory and that weak crossover arises from the way in which scope is determined in syntax. This implies that weak crossover can occur whenever an operator must take scope over a pronoun, even when the pronoun and the operator are not coindexed and the intended interpretation of the pronoun is not as a variable bound by the operator. It also implies that, when an operator is for some reason assigned scope in an exceptional manner and escapes the usual syntactic restrictions on scope assignment, bound variable licensing will be exceptionally allowed as well.

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