scholarly journals Τὰ οἰκονομικὰ τῶν ἐπισκόπων στίς πρῶτες δεκαετίες τοῦ 16ου αἰώνα καὶ ἡ περίπτωση τοῦ Γενναδίου Σερρῶν

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Κρίτων ΧΡΥΣΟΧΟΪΔΗΣ
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Financial Difficulty ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Christian Population

  <p>Criton Chryssochoidis</p><p>The Financial Situation of Bishops in the First Decades of the 16th Century and the Case of Gennadius of Serres </p><p>In the first part of this study evidence about the personality and the activities of Gennadius, metropolitan of Serres, is examined. An important feature of his long rule (1509-1540) is the donations he granted to monasteries, namely the Great Lavra in Mount Athos, as well as to the metropolis of Serres. As far as the Great Lavra is concerned, Gennadius financed the restoration and the wall paintings of the <em>trapeza</em>. He also offered precious objects, manuscripts and bought <em>adelphata</em>. Gennadius made also generous donations to the metropolis of Serres, to the adjacent monastery of Prodromos and the monastery of Kossinitza. </p><p>The 16th century is generally considered as a period of financial difficulty for the Christian population of the Ottoman Empire. The presence of a wealthy bishop is examined in the second part of the present study within this framework. In particular, we focus on the development of the financial situation of a metropolitan as it emerges through the synodic acts of election and ordination of the prelates and of berats, with which the election was acknowledged by the Ottoman authorities and the actual appointment took place. </p><p>In the Greek documents of the second half of the 15th century references to the financial state of hierarchs are vague and general. On the contrary, in the 16th century, and especially after the synodic act of 1497, which among other things regulated issues regarding the income of bishops and the way of its collection, we encounter more detailed information that enable us to acquire a clearer picture. Ottoman berats present a similar picture. </p><p>Combining this evidence with that deriving from other sources we may draw conclusions about the institutionalised income of metropolitans in the first decades of the 16th century: <em>kanonikon</em>, marriage rates, income from ecclesiastical fairs (<em>panegyris</em>), sources of holy water (<em>hagiasma</em>), <em>zeteia</em>, heritage of priests and monks, other usual sources (<em>ta synethe</em>) of income (<em>emvatikion</em>, <em>exagoreutikion</em>), income from properties owned by the metropolis as well as income from subordinate bishops. Finally, we conclude that this income together with the stable state of the currency, especially during the first half of the 16th century, and the political stability of the Ottoman state contributed to the development of bishops' finances, to the accumulation of wealth and of a surplus, that could thus be used for donations, an activity widespread among the bishops at the 16th century.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals From a market economy to a government monopoly precious metals of Serbia and Bosnia between Venice and the Ottoman empire (15th-16th century)

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Bosko Bojovic
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
European Monetary ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Monetary Economy

The production of precious metals in the Balkans reached its climax in the 15th century. It was exported mostly by Ragusa, basically for the Venice Mint. According to the available documents it can be estimated that the traffic of such metals carried out via Ragusa was between 11060 kg in 1425, and an optimum estimation of 25 tons annually for the first half of the century. The Ottoman occupation of Serbia and Bosnia in the middle of the century marks the end of the exportation of raw materials indispensable to the European monetary economy, which lacked precious metals for mints. The production as well as the coining of the Balkan precious metals took place within the closed circuit of the Ottoman economic autarchy. Notwithstanding all the efforts of the central administration, including a highly developed legislation, and in spite of the development of a big mining centre of Siderokapsia (Eastern Macedonia), the production of precious metals continued to decline in the 15th century. This economic phenomenon led to the financial crash that marked the beginning of the recurring financial and economic crises in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 16th century. The contribution of the precious metals from the Balkans to the European monetary economy at the end of the Middle Ages has not been sufficiently studied by the specialists in economic history, and it has not been taken into account regarding the spectacular decline of the Ottoman economy and power.

A spectroscopic analysis of late 16th century domestic wall paintings in the Saracens Head Inn, Nottinghamshire, UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Brooke ◽  
Howell Edwards ◽  
Luiz F. C. Oliveira ◽  
Richard Telford ◽  
Alex Surtees
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Wall Paintings

Richard Lavenham and the Cambridge Logic

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Vincent Spade
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Logical Study

Summary This paper argues that the 14th-century Oxford Carmelite Richard Lavenham was the author of the treatise De syncategorematibus that was used as a textbook in 15th-century Cambridge, a version of which was printed several times in the late 15th and early 16th centuries in the Libellus sophistarum ad usum Cantabrigiensium. The manuscript versions of this treatise differ significantly from one another and from the printed editions, so that the claim of Lavenham’s authorship needs to be carefully considered. The evidence for this claim is described briefly. The identification of the De syncategorematibus in the Cambridge Libellus as Lavenham’s provides the first real indication that Lavenham, whose works testify to the influence of other authors on logico-linguistic studies in late 14th-century Oxford, was himself not without influence as late as the early 16th century. On the other hand, the De syncategorematibus is not a very competent treatise, so that its inclusion as a textbook in the Libellus sophistarum is an indication of the decline of the logical study of language in England during this period. A brief analysis of the contents of the treatise supports this observation.

The Protection Problems and Reparations of Ahi Çelebi Mosque in Istanbul

2010 ◽  
Vol 133-134 ◽  
pp. 1027-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabia Özakin ◽  
Ayten Erdem
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Structural Interventions ◽  
Reclaimed Land ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Golden Horn ◽  
Building Set ◽  
Restoration Work

The Ahi Çelebi Mosque, which is among Istanbul’s oldest mosques, is located on the shores of the Golden Horn in the Eminönü. This mosque, which was very probably built by Ahi Çelebi towards the end of the 15th century, was restored during the 16th century by Architect Sinan. It is a stone building with a rectangular plan, single dome, with a rear congregational area/son cemaat yeri in front of its main space, and a cut stone minaret at its right corner. Damaged by fires and earthquakes during its long history, this building, set on reclaimed land, was restored and strengthened at various times through the years. In the 1980s, the building was unfavourably affected by the construction of the new Galata Bridge; it began to sink and slide towards the sea, with the result that it had to be supported with steel girdles as a temporary measure and was abandoned. In 2000, the General Directorate of Foundations had concrete pillars added underground to stabilise the base, and the sea water around the foundations was pumped out. During the last restoration carried out in 2005-2006, the main dome and walls were strengthened, the minaret was rebuilt, and the interior plaster and decorations were redone. In this study we shall make a general re-evaluation of the restoration work undertaken on the 500 year old Ahi Çelebi Mosque. We shall determine to what degree the structural interventions and, in particular, the contemporary interventions have been able to maintain the original materials, shapes, workmanship and period additions, and whether or not these are distinguishable, reversible and suitable to the aesthetics of the whole.

CULTURAL INTERACTION BETWEEN SAFAVID IRAN AND OTTOMAN TURKEY IN 16TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-148
Author(s):  
I. A. Averianov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sufi Order ◽  
Main Support

Сoming to power of the Safavids Sufi dynasty in Iran (in the person of Shah Ismail I) in 1501 caused noticeable transformations in the political, social, cultural and religious life of the Near and Middle East. This dynasty used the semi-nomadic tribes of the Oguz Turks (‘Kyzylbash’) as its main support, which it managed to unite under the auspices of military Sufi order of Safaviyya. However, the culture of the Safavid state was dominated by a high style associated with the classical era of the Persian cultural area (‘Greater Iran’) of the 10th–15th centuries. The Iranian-Turkic synthesis that emerged in previous centuries received a new form with the adoption by the Safavids of Twelver Shiism as an official religious worldview. This put the neighboring Ottoman state in a difficult position, as it had to borrow cultural codes from ‘heretics’. Nevertheless, the Ottomans could not refuse cultural interaction with the Safavids, since they did not have any other cultural landmark in that era. This phenomenon led to a number of collisions in the biographies of certain cultural figures who had to choose between commonwealth with an ‘ideological enemy’ or rivalry, for the sake of which they often had to hide their personal convictions and lead a ‘double life’. The fates of many people, from the crown princes to ordinary nomads, were broken or acquired a tragic turn during the Ottoman-Safavid conflict of ‘spiritual paths’. However, many other poets, painters, Sufis sometimes managed to transform this external opposition into the symbolism of religious and cultural synthesis. In scholarly literature, many works explore certain aspects of the culture of the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid state separately, but there are almost no works considering the synthesis of cultures of these two largest Muslim states. Meanwhile, the author argues, that understanding the interaction and synthesis of the Ottoman and Safavid cultures in the 16th century is a key moment for the cultural history of the Islamic world. The article aims to outline the main points of this cultural synthesis, to trace their dependence on the ideology of the two states and to identify the personality traits of a ‘cultured person’ that contributed to the harmonization of the culture of two ideologically irreconcilable, but culturally complementary empires. A comparative study of this kind is supported by Ottoman sources. In the future, the author will continue this research, including the sources reflecting the perception of the Ottoman cultural heritage by the Safavids.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in conflict region: the arab levant response

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazih A. Bizri ◽  
Walid Alam ◽  
Tala Mobayed ◽  
Hani Tamim ◽  
Maha Makki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The World

Abstract Background COVID-19 has hit the world in an unprecedented way causing serious repercussions on several aspects of our life. Multiple determinants have affected various nations’ level of success in their responses towards the pandemic. The Arab Levant region in the Middle East, notoriously known for repeated wars and conflicts, has been affected, similarly to other regions, by this pandemic. The combination of war, conflict, and a pandemic brings too much of a burden for any nation to handle. Methods A descriptive analysis of data obtained from the health departments of various Arab Levant Countries (ALC) was performed. ALC include Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Palestine. The data collected involves incidence, recovery rate, case fatality rate and number of tests performed per million population, Global Health Security index, government stringency index, and political stability index. The information obtained was compared and analyzed among the ALC and compared to global figures. An extensive electronic literature search to review all relevant articles and reports published from the region was conducted. The 2019 Global Health Security (GHS) index was obtained from the “GHS index” website which was made by John Hopkins University’s center for health security, the Nuclear threat Initiative (NTI) and the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). Government stringency index and political stability index were obtained from the University of Oxford and the website of “The Global Economy”, respectively. Other world governance indicators such as government effectiveness were obtained from the World Bank website. Results In terms of incidence of COVID-19, Iraq has the highest with 9665 per one million population, Syria the lowest at 256 per million. Deaths per million population was highest in Iraq at 237, and the lowest in Syria at 12. As for number of tests per million population, Lebanon ranked first at 136,033 with Iraq fourth at 59,795. There is no data available for the tests administered in Syria and subsequently no value for tests per million population. In terms of recoveries from COVID-19 per million population, Iraq had the highest number at 7903 per million, and Syria the lowest at 68 per million. When compared as percent recovery per million, Palestine ranked first (84%) and Syria last (27%). The government response stringency index shows that Jordan had the highest index (100) early in the pandemic among the other countries. Palestine’s index remained stable between 80 and 96. The other countries’ indices ranged from 50 to 85, with Lebanon seeing a drop to 24 in mid-August. Even with improved stringency index, Iraq reported an increased number of deaths. Conclusion In countries devastated by war and conflict, a pandemic such as COVID-19 can easily spread. The Arab Levant countries represent a breeding ground for pandemics given their unstable political and economic climate that has undoubtedly affected their healthcare systems. In the era of COVID-19, looking at healthcare systems as well as political determinants is needed to assess a country’s readiness towards the pandemic. The unrest in Lebanon, the uprising in Iraq, the restrictions placed on Syria, and the economic difficulties in Palestine are all examples of determinants affecting pandemic management. Jordan, on the contrary, is a good example of a stable state, able to implement proper measures. Political stability index should be used as a predictor for pandemic management capacity, and individual measures should be tailored towards countries depending on their index.

scholarly journals La foggia de l’antiquità

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Barovier Mentasti
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Crystal Glass ◽  
15Th Century

The most important age of Venetian glass began just before the middle of the 15th century, when Angelo Barovier invented crystal glass in his Murano glassworks. Some vessels of the late 15th and early 16th century were enamel decorated with patterns derived from Roman marble reliefs and fresco paintings. Starting from the mid-15th century, glassblowers developed new decorative techniques. Some of them were probably inspired by archaelogical glass findings, which were included in Venetian collections. Such techniques were ‘meza stampaura’ ribbing, glass filigree, application of stamped glass medallions and, perhaps, ‘rosetta’ rods.

scholarly journals Guidebooks to the Holy Land in the repertoire of the pilgrim literature of Muscovite Rus'

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-238
Author(s):  
Irina V. Fedorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Translation ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
The Wanderer ◽  
Holy City

The repertoire of guidebooks to the Holy Land in the Old Russian literary culture of Muscovite Rus’ is significant and diverse. Its basis is texts translated from Greek and Polish. Using the example of the Old Russian translation of a monument preserved in handwritten lists of the 17th–18th centuries entitled “A Tale for the Benefit of Hearing and Reading About the Holy City of Jerusalem and its Surrounding Places”, the article discusses the content and narrative features of guidebooks to the Holy Land. The analysis showed that the studied Tale in terms of composition, principles of material selection and organization is close to similar monuments of the Byzantine tradition, which to one degree or another are associated with the 15th century proskynetarian Anonymous Allyatsiya. Comparison of the text of the Tale with this proskynetarian suggested that the original of its Old Russian translation was one of the alterations of this guide, dating no earlier than the 16th century, when the Turks mentioned in the text ruled Palestine. The relevance of guidebooks to Palestine for the Old Russian book culture is also demonstrated by the original monuments of this genre, the creation of which began in the 15th century. The article names and briefly describes several such texts of the 15th–18th centuries, found in manuscripts under the titles “The Wanderer of Jerusalem”, “The Legend of the Jerusalem Way”.

scholarly journals Ktetor portraits of church dignitaries in Serbian post-Byzantine painting (part one)

Zograf ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 181-208
Author(s):  
Miljana Matic
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
The Self ◽  
Wall Paintings

Church dignitaries were often represented as ktetors in Serbian painting of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, primarily in wall paintings and on icons. The first part of this paper discusses twelve ktetor representations of Serbian patriarchs and metropolitans. By analyzing the ktetoric projects of Orthodox Serbs within the Ottoman Empire, the historical framework and description of every portrait, it explores the questions regarding not only the self-referentiality of the ktetors from the highest circles of the clergy under the Patriarchate of Pec, the patterns and ways they wanted to be represented and remembered, but also the ideological and program context as well. Finally, this two-part study attempts to examine the question of individual and collective identity, imagery and ideas constructing the visual culture of clerical ktetorship in Serbian Post-Byzantine painting.

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