scholarly journals AI and the Healthcare sector: Industry, legal and ethical issues

Bioethica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Victoria Dipla
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Services ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Technological Field ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
And Robotics

In this modern era, AI systems, robotics and all kinds of technological innovations have prevailed in almost every industry there is. Even though, they provide with several advantages and benefits, such novelties, due to their newly found capacities pose a certain undoubted risk for contemporary societies, unfamiliar yet with the full extent of the perils following these kind of innovations.This article engages in an examination of one of the industries critically changed and influenceδ by AI technology, the healthcare industry, as it possesses the highest bioethical interest. The article, thus, is divided to four sections. The first is dedicated to novel advancements in the field of health care services and medicine, which include the introduction and/or full deployment of machine learning and robotics. Second, as already mentioned due to the fact that these technologies are accompanied by legal concerns, especially in terms of privacy, a legal analysis of the most relevant and prominent concerns is attempted. The emphasis is given on the European Union’s approach on the matter of AI related technology. Both its main bodies are mentioned, the European Parliament and the European Commission, for their procurement of documents related to novel technologies.In addition, after the legal framework analysis and the more binding in nature legislative efforts, the article proceeds with the presentation of the soft-law related to the AI technological field, as well as the ethics and guidelines developed to mitigate its risks and issues. Lastly, the following analysis is closed by conclusions based on the combination of remarks and resolutions from the above mentioned sections of the article.

scholarly journals Legal Framework for the Training of Health Care Specialists in the Health Care System of Lithuania to Work with the Disabled

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-161
Author(s):  
Milda Ratkevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The World ◽  
The Disabled

AbstractIntroduction:Health care is one of the most important fields not only in individual countries, but globally as well, yet it remains one of the most sensitive topics, too. Global organisations have calculated that one out of seven residents around the world has some sort of disability. It is very likely that due to various processes, the number of people with disabilities will increase. Therefore, the world in general and each country in particular, Lithuania included, faces a great challenge: to ensure suitable and high-quality accessibility to health care services for the disabled. Each country must have clear political guidelines and strategies how to ensure training of health care specialists qualified and able to carry out their tasks when working with the disabled. Therefore, this article analyses global trends of training specialists to work with the disabled and legal basis of such specialist training in Lithuania.Methods:This article features analysis of scientific literary sources and legal documents.Results:International and national Lithuanian documents have clearly established that people with disabilities have equal rights to health care services like the rest of the population without any reservations, so this norm must be established adhering to the principles of accessibility, suitability and universality, and which basically should be ensured by health care specialists. However, document analysis has revealed that documents governing the training of health care specialists in Lithuania and processes related to it pay little attention to the training of future health care specialists to work with the disabled, while descriptions of some specific areas of studies, e.g. dentistry, pharmacy, etc. designed to train health care specialists do no address the work with the disabled at all.Discussion and conclusions:Analysis has revealed that institutions of higher education in Lithuania that train health care specialists are not legally entitled to, other requirements aside, to focus the study process on the work with the disabled. Therefore, it begs the question whether such specialists are actually ready to implement the requirements guiding the provision of health care services and ensure top-quality and proper provision of services to all members of the society, irrespective of their special needs, disabilities, etc. Therefore, this article can serve as a basis for further research related to the training of health care specialists to work with the disabled in order to identify what practice is applied in this area in other countries, as well as to ensure it internationally, what are the options and means required to implement it and how to improve the training of health care specialists as much as possible to work with the disabled ensuring the quality of health care in particular and their life in general.

Psychiatric coercion: some sociological perspectives

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pilgrim
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Many ◽  
Health Laws

The way in which mental illness is conceptualized varies significantly across cultures. This chapter will discuss how mental illness is understood in different cultural contexts, focusing on local perspectives of the need for coercive interactions with the person who is identified as ill. It will also consider how such coercion takes place. Despite local variation, many coercive practices (at least those occurring in health-care systems) will take place within the context of a legal framework. Because of this, developments in mental health laws will be described in broad terms, considering both the evolution of such legislation and its application. This chapter will focus both on health-care services and on the many coercive practices that are deemed socially legitimate that occur outside the remit of services and legal regimes. The latter may indeed be where coercive practices vary the most.

The Ethics of Health Care Delivery in a Pediatric Malaria Vaccine Trial: The Perspectives of Stakeholders From Ghana and Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Leonie Ward ◽  
David Shaw ◽  
Evelyn Anane-Sarpong ◽  
Osman Sankoh ◽  
Marcel Tanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Trial ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Undue Inducement

This study explores ethical issues raised in providing medical care to participants and communities of low-resource settings involved in a Phase II/III pediatric malaria vaccine trial (PMVT). We conducted 52 key informant interviews with major stakeholders of an international multi-center PMVT (GSK/PATH-MVI RTS,S) (NCT00866619) in Ghana and Tanzania. Based on their stakeholder experiences, the responses fell into three main themes: (a) undue inducement, (b) community disparities, and (c) broad therapeutic misconceptions. The study identified the critical ethical aspects, from the perspectives of stakeholders, of delivering health care during a PMVT. The study showed that integrating research into health care services needs to be addressed in a manner that upholds the favorable risk–benefit ratio of research and attends to the health needs of local populations. The implementation of research should aim to improve local standards of care through building a collaborative agenda with local institutions and systems of health.

scholarly journals HB-HTA as an implementation problem in Polish health policy

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257451
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Gałązka-Sobotka ◽  
Aldona Frączkiewicz-Wronka ◽  
Iwona Kowalska-Bobko ◽  
Hanna Kelm ◽  
Karolina Szymaniec-Mlicka
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Implementation Problem ◽  
Polish Society

Hospital Based Health Technology Assessment (HB-HTA) is a new policy implemented in Poland to allow for a more practical and contextualized assessment related to the use of specific medical procedures, devices, or equipment. It requires changes in governance relating to the healthcare sector. One of the forms of governance improvement is to involve society in the process of creating public services. This can be implemented, e.g., by applying the pragmatic model of public responsiveness. The aim of this research was to identify and analyze forces which will shape a dynamic process in determining the implementation of HB-HTA. The results obtained in the Gioia analysis led to the identification of the main forces driving and restraining the implementation of HB-HTA. The grouping and interpretation allowed for the twelve most important dimensions to be distinguished, which were recognized as conceptual categories necessary to build theories that describe the studied phenomenon. This study contributes to the development of the idea of responsiveness in public management theory and in health care services, and ultimately helps to better enable the adjustment of health services to the dynamically changing needs of Polish society.

scholarly journals An exploration of GP care in outreach settings for people experiencing homelessness: a qualitative study

2021 ◽  
pp. BJGP.2020.0749
Author(s):  
Victoria Hirst ◽  
Fiona Cuthill
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Community Outreach ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Outreach Services ◽  
Gp Care

Background: Although people experiencing homelessness (PEH) have the worst health outcomes in society, they have a low uptake of primary care services. GP outreach has developed as a way of increasing access into primary care but little is known about the experience of patients receiving care in this way. Aims: 1) To explore homeless patients’ experiences of GP care in community outreach settings in UK; 2) To seek staff/volunteer views on the strengths and weaknesses of the GP community outreach services. Design and setting: A qualitative study with PEH and staff/volunteers working in 3 different community outreach settings in the UK. Method: Individual semi-structured interviews with 22 PEH and two focus groups with key staff/volunteers. Data was analysed thematically using framework analysis. Findings: GP outreach services better enabled PEH to access medical care and staff/volunteers valued GP support to promote, and facilitate access to, health care services. In particular, findings illuminate the high value that PEH placed on the organisational environment of the GP outreach service. Valued aspects of GP outreach were identified as: 1) comfortable, safe and engendered a sense of belonging; 2) convenient, opportunistic and a one stop shop; and, 3) being heard, having more time and breaking down barriers. Conclusion: Organisational environment is important in enabling PEH to engage with GP services. The physical and organisational environment of the outreach settings were the most important factors: they created a space between the GP and patients where professional barriers were flattened and facilitated a therapeutic relationship.

The causes and structure of primary disability in the persons living in conditions of intense magnetic field

10.12737/6011 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ярош ◽  
T. Yarosh ◽  
Курочкина ◽  
O. Kurochkina ◽  
Халилов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Intense Magnetic Field ◽  
Primary Disability ◽  
The Magnetic Field

This paper analyzes the causes and patterns of primary disability in the persons of working age residing in areas with high magnetic background. Increasing the magnetic field is considered on the example of the changes generated by the Kursk magnetic anomaly. It is shown that the existing legal framework in the provision of medical care, medico-social examination and rehabilitation in Russia needs to be revised, with accentuation on the region of residence of patients, especially its geographical status, complex ecological situation. The authors noted that there is need for more effective, coordinated work of medical-social examination and outpatient health care services under the rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. Malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal and nervous systems, cerebrovascular pathology are leading nosological group of diseases with a high risk of disability in persons residing in the area of the magnetic field. Conducted medical examination in recent years of the population allowed, as one of the reasons to reduce the number of persons who received a disability for diseases of the circulatory system -is one of the most common socially significant diseases.

Have the poor been considered in the Health Sector Evolution Plan? A qualitative study of the Iranian health system

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Manal Etemadi ◽  
Kioomars Ashtarian ◽  
Nader Ganji ◽  
Hannaneh Mohammadi Kangarani ◽  
Hasan Abolghasem Gorji
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The Poor

Purpose Reducing health inequalities between the poor and the rich is one of the challenges that the Iranian healthcare sector is facing. One of the goals of the Iranian Government in the Healthcare Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP) is claimed to be creating an opportunity for the poor to use inexpensive services. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the status of the poor in the HSEP. Based on this evaluation, the authors will provide policy recommendations to improve the benefits of the HSEP for the poor people. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a qualitative study conducted in 2017. The research sample includes policymakers, experts and scholars at the macro-level of the Iranian healthcare system who were well-aware of the financial support for the poor. Overall, 35 semi-structured interviews were carried out. Data were analyzed based on the thematic analysis method. Findings The effects of the HSEP on the poor were studied in terms of their positive outcomes and challenges. Despite the achievements of the HSEP for all people, the most important challenge was the lack of targeted state subsidies for the poor. These subsidies should have included free insurance coverage, reducing inpatient payment and allocation of a separate budget for the poor. Originality/value Adopting some policies to target public health subsidies toward the poor such as free insurance specific for the poor (based on means testing), as well as user fee exemption and waivers could improve access to health services for them in Iran. In addition, separate funding for such policies, strengthening health prevention and health care services for marginalized populations, and improving their health literacy could help ensure the poor’s benefiting more from the health care services.

Just in time elements extraction and prioritization for health care unit using decision making approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1243-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahender Singh Kaswan ◽  
Rajeev Rathi ◽  
Mahipal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Care Services

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and prioritize prime just-in-time (JIT) elements in Indian healthcare sector based on the degree of importance and difficulty. This facilitates the implementation of JIT philosophy in healthcare services without any failure as well as provides quality services to patients at low cost. Design/methodology/approach JIT elements related to health care services have been sorted out from comprehensive literature survey. Moreover, important and difficult JIT elements have been ranked on the basis of score obtained by the quantitative method using statistical tools. Furthermore, validation and prioritization of important JIT elements based on the degree of importance have been computed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and best worst method (BWM). Findings The present work provides important, difficult and easy to implement JIT elements in healthcare services. Besides, this work justifies the application of decision-making tool (AHP, BWM) for the prioritization of JIT elements in the health care sector. Practical implications The present study develops a deep understanding of JIT concepts in health care services. Furthermore, it motivates professionals for implementing JIT in healthcare services with healthy situation for both hospital and supplier. Social implications The present work is beneficial for all the dimensions of sustainable development (social, economic and environmental). The implementation of JIT with a proper understanding of its elements results in an improved patient care, lesser cost of healthcare delivery, time and better management of associated medical items. This work also facilitates the proper management of inventory items together with the reduction in various Lean wastes with the proper implementation of JIT in healthcare. The reduction in various associated wastes leads to cleaner surrounding and lesser environmental degradation. Originality/value This paper outlines the need of a robust JIT approach in the healthcare sector for quality services. The efficacy of JIT, AHP and BWM has been explored to find out critical elements for successful JIT implementation in health care.

scholarly journals Challenges of Applying AI in Healthcare in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-209
Author(s):  
Verda Nizam ◽  
Avinash Aslekar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Massive Change ◽  
Front Line Workers

With the advent of digitalization, upcoming technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) are being utilized by healthcare services to manage various healthcare services to mimic human cognitive functions. This technology is expected to bring about a massive change in healthcare. Patient management, clinical decision support, patient tracking, and health care services are the four main AI-enabled fields of the healthcare industry. The method carrying out the study was based on secondary research by the themes of the studies performed earlier using Artificial intelligence in healthcare sector, through observations, interviews and valid documentations from prominent databases, by means of challenges and its analysis and the last by the issues associated with the study and the target groups are the front line workers in healthcare sectors. The AI applications in health care have gathered much attention, but AI's adoption issues have not been significantly tended. There are several challenges of its implementation, such as resolving the unequal relationship between trained physicians and patients and increasing physicians' efficiency to be more effective in their work; providing AI-enabled healthcare equipment in rural communities; and educating physicians or doctors in handling it. AI technologies have the potential to enhance patient outcomes. Still, they may also pose significant risks in terms of inadequate patient risk assessment, medical error, and suggestions for treatment, privacy violations, and others.

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