Research on an Exponential Curve with First Order Term of Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 235-242
Author(s):  
凯 左
Keyword(s):  
Order Term ◽  
First Order ◽  
Exponential Curve

Neural computation of motion in the fly visual system: quadratic nonlinearity of responses induced by picrotoxin in the HS and CH cells

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2665-2684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kondoh ◽  
Y. Hasegawa ◽  
J. Okuma ◽  
F. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Order Term ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Component ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Nonlinear Component ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Kernel

1. A computational model accounting for motion detection in the fly was examined by comparing responses in motion-sensitive horizontal system (HS) and centrifugal horizontal (CH) cells in the fly's lobula plate with a computer simulation implemented on a motion detector of the correlation type, the Reichardt detector. First-order (linear) and second-order (quadratic nonlinear) Wiener kernels from intracellularly recorded responses to moving patterns were computed by cross correlating with the time-dependent position of the stimulus, and were used to characterize response to motion in those cells. 2. When the fly was stimulated with moving vertical stripes with a spatial wavelength of 5-40 degrees, the HS and CH cells showed basically a biphasic first-order kernel, having an initial depolarization that was followed by hyperpolarization. The linear model matched well with the actual response, with a mean square error of 27% at best, indicating that the linear component comprises a major part of responses in these cells. The second-order nonlinearity was insignificant. When stimulated at a spatial wavelength of 2.5 degrees, the first-order kernel showed a significant decrease in amplitude, and was initially hyperpolarized; the second-order kernel was, on the other hand, well defined, having two hyperpolarizing valleys on the diagonal with two off-diagonal peaks. 3. The blockage of inhibitory interactions in the visual system by application of 10-4 M picrotoxin, however, evoked a nonlinear response that could be decomposed into the sum of the first-order (linear) and second-order (quadratic nonlinear) terms with a mean square error of 30-50%. The first-order term, comprising 10-20% of the picrotoxin-evoked response, is characterized by a differentiating first-order kernel. It thus codes the velocity of motion. The second-order term, comprising 30-40% of the response, is defined by a second-order kernel with two depolarizing peaks on the diagonal and two off-diagonal hyperpolarizing valleys, suggesting that the nonlinear component represents the power of motion. 4. Responses in the Reichardt detector, consisting of two mirror-image subunits with spatiotemporal low-pass filters followed by a multiplication stage, were computer simulated and then analyzed by the Wiener kernel method. The simulated responses were linearly related to the pattern velocity (with a mean square error of 13% for the linear model) and matched well with the observed responses in the HS and CH cells. After the multiplication stage, the linear component comprised 15-25% and the quadratic nonlinear component comprised 60-70% of the simulated response, which was similar to the picrotoxin-induced response in the HS cells. The quadratic nonlinear components were balanced between the right and left sides, and could be eliminated completely by their contralateral counterpart via a subtraction process. On the other hand, the linear component on one side was the mirror image of that on the other side, as expected from the kernel configurations. 5. These results suggest that responses to motion in the HS and CH cells depend on the multiplication process in which both the velocity and power components of motion are computed, and that a putative subtraction process selectively eliminates the nonlinear components but amplifies the linear component. The nonlinear component is directionally insensitive because of its quadratic non-linearity. Therefore the subtraction process allows the subsequent cells integrating motion (such as the HS cells) to tune the direction of motion more sharply.

scholarly journals Sorting using complete subintervals and the maximum number of runs in a randomly evolving sequence: Extended abstract.

2007 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AH,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svante Janson
Keyword(s):  
Order Term ◽  
Combinatorial Problem ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Priority Queues ◽  
Sorting Algorithm ◽  
Asymptotic Results ◽  
First Order ◽  
Asymptotically Normal ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Space Requirements

International audience We study the space requirements of a sorting algorithm where only items that at the end will be adjacent are kept together. This is equivalent to the following combinatorial problem: Consider a string of fixed length n that starts as a string of 0's, and then evolves by changing each 0 to 1, with the n changes done in random order. What is the maximal number of runs of 1's? We give asymptotic results for the distribution and mean. It turns out that, as in many problems involving a maximum, the maximum is asymptotically normal, with fluctuations of order $n^{1/2}$, and to the first order well approximated by the number of runs at the instance when the expectation is maximized, in this case when half the elements have changed to 1; there is also a second order term of order $n^{1/3}$. We also treat some variations, including priority queues and sock-sorting.

QUANTUM TUNNELLING OR THERMAL HOPPING

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (19n20) ◽  
pp. 2109-2116
Author(s):  
N. PANCHAPAKESAN
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Tunneling ◽  
Condensed Matter ◽  
Order Term ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Quantum Tunnelling ◽  
First Order ◽  
Classical State ◽  
Fourth Order Term ◽  
Loss Of Coherence

The nature of the transition from the quantum tunneling regime to the thermal hopping regime has importance in the study of condensed matter physics and cosmological phase transitions. It may also be of significance in collapse from quantum state to a classical state due to measurement (or loss of coherence due to some other process). We study this transition analytically in scalar field theory with a fourth order term. We obtain analytic bounce solutions which correctly give the action in thin and thick wall limits of the potential. We find that the transition is of the second order for the case of thick wall while it seems to be of first order for the case of thin wall.

Asymptotic soliton-like solutions to the Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation with variable coefficients and a strong singularity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-242
Author(s):  
Valerii Samoilenko ◽  
Yuliia Samoilenko
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Solution ◽  
Small Parameter ◽  
Order Term ◽  
Variable Coefficients ◽  
Main Term ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
First Order ◽  
Strong Singularity ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Asymptotic Soliton

The paper deals with constructing an asymptotic one-phase soliton-like solution to the Benjamin--Bona--Mahony equation with variable coefficients and a strong singularity making use of the non-linear WKB technique. The influence of the small-parameter value on the structure and the qualitative properties of the asymptotic solution, as well as the accuracy with which the solution satisfies the considerable equation, have been analyzed. It was demonstrated that due to the strong singularity, it is possible to write explicitly not only the main term of the asymptotics but at least its first-order term.

The first-order optical potential evaluation for the elastic scattering of neutron on the bound system using the impulse approximation method

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1950091 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Abusini
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Elastic Scattering ◽  
Neutron Energy ◽  
Optical Potential ◽  
Order Term ◽  
Scattering Problem ◽  
Impulse Approximation ◽  
Incident Neutron ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Spectator

The method of impulse approximation is used to check the validity of the first-order optical potential for the elastic scattering problem of the neutron on the bound system, namely, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]at incident neutron energies of 155 and 225[Formula: see text]MeV. The optical potential is derived as the first-order term within the spectator expansion of a nonrelativistic multiple scattering terms using the Lippmann–Schwinger equation. The Modern realistic two-body potential ArgonneV18 in the momentum space was used as input in the Lippmann–Schwinger equation. The obtained results for the elastic differential cross-sections are in a good agreement with the experimental data taken from EXFOR Database for all studied targets at neutron energy above 200[Formula: see text]MeV. As the neutron energy decreases down to approximately 155[Formula: see text]MeV, the discrepancies with experimental data appear, which is in accordance with the impulse approximation formalism.

Perturbation Theory and the Triangular Well Potential

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Smith ◽  
D. Henderson ◽  
J. A. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Distribution Function ◽  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Radial Distribution Function ◽  
Radial Distribution ◽  
Order Term ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Triangular Well Potential

Accurate calculations of the second order term in the free energy and the first order term in the radial distribution function in the Barker–Henderson (BH) perturbation theory are presented for the triangular well potential. The BH theory is found to be fully satisfactory for this system. Thus, the conclusions of Card and Walkley regarding the accuracy of the BH theory are erroneous.

A note on the perturbation theory and the triangular well potential

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 632-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Wankhede ◽  
K. N. Swamy
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Order Term ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Monte Carlo Calculations ◽  
Theory Of Liquids ◽  
Compressibility Factors ◽  
Triangular Well Potential

The integrals which appear in the first order term and the macroscopic compressibility (mc) and the local compressibility (lc) approximation for the second order term in the Barker–Henderson (BH) perturbation theory of liquids are evaluated analytically for the triangular-well potential. The compressibility factors so calculated are compared with the Monte Carlo calculations.

A Note on Nonparametric Estimation of the CTE

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 717-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bangwon Ko ◽  
Ralph P. Russo ◽  
Nariankadu D. Shyamalkumar
Keyword(s):  
Order Term ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Closed Form Expression ◽  
Form Expression ◽  
Continuous Random Variable ◽  
Underlying Distribution ◽  
First Order ◽  
Bootstrap Approach ◽  
Conditional Tail Expectation

AbstractThe α-level Conditional Tail Expectation (CTE) of a continuous random variable X is defined as its conditional expectation given the event {X > qα} where qα represents its α-level quantile. It is well known that the empirical CTE (the average of the n (1 – α) largest order statistics in a sample of size n) is a negatively biased estimator of the CTE. This bias vanishes as the sample size increases, but in small samples can be significant. In this article it is shown that an unbiased nonparametric estimator of the CTE does not exist. In addition, the asymptotic behavior of the bias of the empirical CTE is studied, and a closed form expression for its first order term is derived. This expression facilitates the study of the behavior of the empirical CTE with respect to the underlying distribution, and suggests an alternative (to the bootstrap) approach to bias correction. The performance of the resulting estimator is assessed via simulation.

scholarly journals Scattering from a PEC Slightly Rough Surface in Chiral Media

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Haroon Akhtar Qureshi ◽  
Muhammad Arshad Fiaz ◽  
Muhammad Aqueel Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Rough Surface ◽  
Order Term ◽  
Sinusoidal Grating ◽  
Chiral Media ◽  
First Order ◽  
Scattering Coefficients ◽  
Flat Interface ◽  
Electric Conducting ◽  
Bistatic Scattering ◽  
Surface Diffraction

The scattering of left circularly polarized wave from a perfectly electric conducting (PEC) rough surface in isotropic chiral media is investigated. Since a slightly rough interface is assumed, the solution is obtained using perturbation method. Zeroth-order term corresponds to solution for a flat interface which helps in making a comparison with the results reported in the literature. First-order term gives the contribution from the surface perturbations, and it is used to define incoherent bistatic scattering coefficients for a Gaussian rough surface. Higher order solution is obtained in a recursive manner. Numerical results are reported for different values of chirality, correlation length, and rms height of the surface. Diffraction efficiency is defined for a sinusoidal grating.

scholarly journals A rewriting calculus for cyclic higher-order term graphs

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAOLO BALDAN ◽  
CLARA BERTOLISSI ◽  
HORATIU CIRSTEA ◽  
CLAUDE KIRCHNER
Keyword(s):  
Order Term ◽  
Equational Theory ◽  
Term Rewriting ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Graph Representation ◽  
First Order ◽  
Rewrite Rules ◽  
Evaluation Mechanism ◽  
Matching Constraints ◽  
Higher Order Term

The Rewriting Calculus (ρ-calculus, for short) was introduced at the end of the 1990s and fully integrates term-rewriting and λ-calculus. The rewrite rules, acting as elaborated abstractions, their application and the structured results obtained are first class objects of the calculus. The evaluation mechanism, which is a generalisation of beta-reduction, relies strongly on term matching in various theories.In this paper we propose an extension of the ρ-calculus, called ρg-calculus, that handles structures with cycles and sharing rather than simple terms. This is obtained by using recursion constraints in addition to the standard ρ-calculus matching constraints, which leads to a term-graph representation in an equational style. Like in the ρ-calculus, the transformations are performed by explicit application of rewrite rules as first-class entities. The possibility of expressing sharing and cycles allows one to represent and compute over regular infinite entities.We show that the ρg-calculus, under suitable linearity conditions, is confluent. The proof of this result is quite elaborate, due to the non-termination of the system and the fact that ρg-calculus-terms are considered modulo an equational theory. We also show that the ρg-calculus is expressive enough to simulate first-order (equational) left-linear term-graph rewriting and α-calculus with explicit recursion (modelled using a letrec-like construct).

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