scholarly journals The Narrow Scope Reading of Quantifiers in Chinese

2014 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
何 宏华
Keyword(s):  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Larralde ◽  
Alina Konradt ◽  
Kriszta Eszter Szendrői

In this paper we investigate the scopal reading of disjunctions in French negative sentences with pre-schoolers. We posit that the French disjunctor “ou” does not fit the traditional disjunction PPI/non-PPI dichotomy according to which a wide scope is taken by a PPI disjunction and a narrow scope when the disjunction is not a PPI. We hypothesized that focus could be a succesful scopal manipulator. Using Truth Value Judgment Tasks (TVJT), we tested French pre-schoolers' scopal reading of negated disjunctions in a neutral prosody condition and with prosodic focus on the disjunctor in a between subject design. We found that as predicted, prosodic focus often enduced participants to adopt a disjunction wide scope reading whereas a disjunction narrow scope reading was favored in the neutral prosody condition. This confirmed our hypothesis that focus can manipulate disjunction scope paramaters. It also shows that, when the disjunction is focalised, children have access to the disjunction wide scope reading earlier than previously thought. Finally, we can conclude that the distinction between PPI-disjunctor vs. non-PPI disjunctor languages needs to be more fine-grained.


Crisis ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen

This article describes suicide-related penal legislation in contemporary Europe, and analyzes and relates the results to cultural attitudes towards suicide and to national suicide rates. Data were obtained from 42 legal entities. Of these, 34 have penal regulations which - according to definition - chiefly and directly deal with suicide. There are three main types of act: aiding suicide, abetting suicide, and driving to suicide. The laws vary considerably with regard to which acts are sanctioned, how severely they are punished, and whether any special circumstances such as the motive, the result, or the object can make the crime more serious. Various ideologies have inspired legislation: religions, the euthanasia movement, and suicide prevention have all left their mark. There are some cases in which neighboring legal systems have clearly influenced laws on the topic. However, the process seems mostly to have been a national affair, resulting in surprisingly large discrepancies between European legal systems. The laws seem to reflect public opinions: countries which punish the crimes harder have significantly less permissive cultural attitudes towards suicide. Likewise, suicide rates were significantly higher in countries with a narrow scope of criminalization and milder punishments for suicide-related crimes. The cultural and normative elements of society are connected with its suicide mortality.


Author(s):  
M. S. Knyazev

A taxonomic review of species and intraspecific taxa of the Astragalus L. section Helmia Bunge is presented. We treat the section Helmia in a traditional, narrow scope, including only 9 species and subspecies: A. helmii Fisch. ex DC., A. tergeminus (Knjaz., Kulikov et E. G. Philippov) Knjaz., A. permiensis C. A. Mey. ex Rupr., A. depauperatus Ledeb. (= A. chakassiensis Polozhij), A. kasachstanicus Golosk. subsp. kasachstanicus, A. kasachstanicus subsp. coloratus Knjaz., A. gregorii B. Fedtsch. et Basil. (= A. tuvinicus Timokhina), A. heptapotamicus Sumnev., A. ionae Palib. ex Gontsch. et Popov. With regard to the other 16 species of sect. Helmia in its widest sense, as accepted in the monograph by D. Podlech and Sh. Zarre (2013), we believe it more correct to attribute them to other sections. The rank of A. helmii var. tergeminus Knjaz., Kulikov et E. G. Philippov is raised to the species, A. tergeminus (Knjaz., Kulikov et E. G. Philippov) Knjaz. It is shown that A. gregorii is a priority name of A. tuvinicus. The epitype of A. permiensis C. A. Mey. ex Rupr. is designated. An identification key and a map of distribution for all species and subspecies of Astragalus sect. Helmia are presented.


Author(s):  
Christie Hartley

This chapter develops the idea of public reason based on the shared reasons account of public justification. It is argued that the moral foundation for political liberalism delimits a narrow scope for the idea of public reason, such that public reasons are required only for matters of constitutional essentials and basic justice. It is also argued that where public reason applies, persons as citizens have a moral duty to never appeal to their comprehensive doctrines when engaging in public reasoning. Hence, an exclusive account of public reason is vindicated. Finally, we respond to various potential objections to our view, such as the claim that the shared reasons view requires identical reasoning and the claim that public reason is interderminate or inconclusive.


Author(s):  
A. M. Devine ◽  
Laurence D. Stephens

Latin is often described as a free word order language, but in general each word order encodes a particular information structure: in that sense, each word order has a different meaning. This book provides a descriptive analysis of Latin information structure based on detailed philological evidence and elaborates a syntax-pragmatics interface that formalizes the informational content of the various different word orders. The book covers a wide ranges of issues including broad scope focus, narrow scope focus, double focus, topicalization, tails, focus alternates, association with focus, scrambling, informational structure inside the noun phrase and hyperbaton (discontinuous constituency). Using a slightly adjusted version of the structured meanings theory, the book shows how the pragmatic meanings matching the different word orders arise naturally and spontaneously out of the compositional process as an integral part of a single semantic derivation covering denotational and informational meaning at one and the same time.


Author(s):  
Benjamin Kiesewetter

While Chapters 4 and 5 suggest that structural requirements of rationality cannot be normative, Chapter 6 argues for the stronger conclusion that there are no such requirements to begin with. The argument is that both narrow- and wide-scope interpretations of structural requirements face problems independently of whether these requirements are understood as being normative. Starting with the narrow-scope interpretation, the chapter discusses the problem that it licenses bootstrapping of rational requirements (6.1), that it entails inconsistent requirements (6.2), and that it entails requirements that undermine each other in a counterintuitive way (6.3). Turning to the wide-scope interpretation, the chapter discusses the charge that wide-scope requirements cannot capture an important asymmetry involved in structural irrationality (6.4–6.5), and that they are incapable of guiding our responses (6.6). It is argued that all of these objections pose serious problems for the respective accounts. This supports the conclusion that there are no structural requirements of rationality (6.7).


Author(s):  
Caitlin Vitosky Clarke ◽  
Brynn C Adamson

This paper offers new insights into the promotion of the Exercise is Medicine (EIM) framework for mental illness and chronic disease. Utilising the Syndemics Framework, which posits mental health conditions as corollaries of social conditions, we argue that medicalized exercise promotion paradigms both ignore the social conditions that can contribute to mental illness and can contribute to mental illness via discrimination and worsening self-concept based on disability. We first address the ways in which the current EIM framework may be too narrow in scope in considering the impact of social factors as determinants of health. We then consider how this narrow scope in combination with the emphasis on independence and individual prescriptions may serve to reinforce stigma and shame associated with both chronic disease and mental illness. We draw on examples from two distinct research projects, one on exercise interventions for depression and one on exercise interventions for multiple sclerosis (MS), in order to consider ways to improve the approach to exercise promotion for these and other, related populations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifeoma D. Ozodiegwu ◽  
Monique Ambrose ◽  
Katherine E. Battle ◽  
Caitlin Bever ◽  
Ousmane Diallo ◽  
...  

AbstractIn malaria-endemic countries, prioritizing intervention deployment to areas that need the most attention is crucial to ensure continued progress. Global and national policy makers increasingly rely on epidemiological data and mathematical modelling to help optimize health decisions at the sub-national level. The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program is a critical data source for understanding subnational malaria prevalence and intervention coverage, which are used for parameterizing country-specific models of malaria transmission. However, data to estimate indicators at finer resolutions are limited, and surveys questions have a narrow scope. Examples from the Nigeria DHS are used to highlight gaps in the current survey design. Proposals are then made for additional questions and expansions to the DHS and Malaria Indicator Survey sampling strategy that would advance the data analyses and modelled estimates that inform national policy recommendations. Collaboration between the DHS Program, national malaria control programmes, the malaria modelling community, and funders is needed to address the highlighted data challenges.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1(162) ◽  
pp. 179-191
Author(s):  
Justyna Karaźniewicz

In the commented judgment, the Constitutional Tribunal stated that the provisions of laws and regulations providing for the right of officers of many services to search a person or carry out a personal inspection are inconsistent with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The inappropriate division of regulations between laws and sub-statutory acts, violating the constitutional requirement of specifying the principles and procedure of limiting the rights and freedoms of the individual at the level of a law, was rightly questioned. The Tribunal also referred to the obligation to ensure effective mechanisms of protection of individuals against unjustified interference with their rights through the introduction of effective measures of appeal against undertaken actions. Due to the narrow scope of the Ombudsman’s request initiating proceedings before the Tribunal, the consideration was limited only to certain aspects of searches and personal inspection. However, valuable, albeit fragmentary, references to the essence of these activities and their normative shape, desirable from the constitutional perspective, can be found in the judgement.


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