Gay Identity Formation and Disclosure: The Mediating of Putative Responses of Family Members

Since the declassification of homosexuality as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association in 1974, a large number of models of gay identity development have been proposed in the literature. This is unique because for the first time, more attention was paid to the process of developing a gay identity rather than theorizing about the etiologies of homosexuality. This paper reviews the changes in thought found in the literature describing how one comes to develop a gay identity. For the marginalized, identity development is generally described against a backdrop of stigma. Fortunately, our current society is very different from the hostile world that surrounded the APA in 1974: homosexuality is more tolerated and accepted, laws are less discriminatory, and gay role models are more abundant and accessible. As society has evolved, so too have its descriptive models. Shame and reluctance are found in Plumer’s (1975) and Lee’s (1977) models. Pride and activism appear in Hencken and O’Dowd’s (1977) and Cass’ (1979) models. Troiden (1989) mentions the fear of AIDS in his writings. Alderson’s (1998) model reflects a climate where religion, friends, and society can be catalysts in developing a positive identity. Taken together, these models are like time capsules containing clues as to the social conditions of the time. As the rate of social evolution accelerates, it is doubtful that any model regarding marginalized individuals will ever become definitive. For the case of homosexuality, if and when its stigma is removed, then the defining feature of gay identity development is also removed. It is possible that in its place will be a general model of sexual identity development, where homosexual and heterosexual paths diverge innocently and quietly in a society that does not value one over the other. Alderson K. The ecological model of gay male identity. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 2003; 12(2):75-85. Cass V. Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality 1979; 4(3):219-35. Troiden R. The formation of homosexual identities. Journal of Homosexuality 1989; 17(1/2):43-73.

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Patient perceptions of students in a longitudinal integrated clerkship in Taiwan: a qualitative study

BMC Medical Education ◽

10.1186/s12909-021-02553-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yaw-Wen Chang ◽

David A. Hirsh ◽

Wen-Hui Fang ◽

Honghe Li ◽

Wen-Chii Tzeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

Clinical Education ◽

Family Members ◽

Patient Centered Care ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Patient Centered ◽

Education Leaders ◽

Centered Care ◽

Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship ◽

Patients Experience

Abstract Background Longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs) are a model of clinical education growing rapidly in Western contexts. LICs use educational continuity to benefits students’ clinical learning and professional identity formation. Patient-centered care is a core component of medical professionalism in the West. To support patient-centered care, education leaders in Taiwan restructured clinical education and implemented the first longitudinal integrated clerkship in East Asia. We aimed to investigate patients’ perceptions of longitudinal relationships with the LIC students within Taiwan’s Confucian cultural and social context. Methods We invited patients or their family members who were cared for longitudinally by a LIC student to participate in the study. Participating patients or their family members undertook semi-structured interviews. We analyzed data qualitatively using a general inductive approach to identify themes in the patients’ descriptions of their experiences interacting with the LIC students. Results Twenty-five patients and family members participated in interviews: 16 patients and 9 family members. Qualitative analysis of interview transcripts identified three themes from patients’ experience receiving care from their LIC students: care facilitation, companionship, and empathy. To provide care facilitation, LIC students served as a bridge between the physicians and patients. Students served patients by reminding, consulting, tracking disease progression, and researching solutions for problems. To provide companionship, students accompanied patients interpersonally like a friend or confidant who listens and provides a presence for patients. To provide empathy, patients reported that students showed sincere concern for patients’ experience, feelings, and mood. Conclusion In our study, Taiwanese patients’ perspectives of LIC students suggested the value of care facilitation, companionship, and empathy. We discuss these themes within the context of Confucian culture and the Taiwanese context of care.

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Patient perceptions of students in a longitudinal integrated clerkship in Taiwan: a qualitative study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-27585/v3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yaw-Wen Chang ◽

David A. Hirsh ◽

Wen-Hui Fang ◽

Honghe Li ◽

Wen-Chii Tzeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

Clinical Education ◽

Family Members ◽

Patient Centered Care ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Patient Centered ◽

Education Leaders ◽

Centered Care ◽

Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship ◽

Patients Experience

Abstract Background: Longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs) are a model of clinical education growing rapidly in Western contexts. LICs use educational continuity to benefits students’ clinical learning and professional identity formation. Patient-centered care is a core component of medical professionalism in the West. To support patient-centered care, education leaders in Taiwan restructured clinical education and implemented the first longitudinal integrated clerkship in East Asia. We aimed to investigate patients’ perceptions of longitudinal relationships with the LIC students within Taiwan’s Confucian cultural and social context.Methods: We invited patients or their family members who were cared for longitudinally by a LIC student to participate in the study. Participating patients or their family members undertook semi-structured interviews. We analyzed data qualitatively using a general inductive approach to identify themes in the patients’ descriptions of their experiences interacting with the LIC students. Results: Twenty-five patients and family members participated in interviews: 16 patients and 9 family members. Qualitative analysis of interview transcripts identified three themes from patients’ experience receiving care from their LIC students: care facilitation, companionship, and empathy. To provide care facilitation, LIC students served as a bridge between the physicians and patients. Students served patients by reminding, consulting, tracking disease progression, and researching solutions for problems. To provide companionship, students accompanied patients interpersonally like a friend or confidant who listens and provides a presence for patients. To provide empathy, patients reported that students showed sincere concern for patients’ experience, feelings, and mood.Conclusion: In our study, Taiwanese patients’ perspectives of LIC students suggested the value of care facilitation, companionship, and empathy. We discuss these themes within the context of Confucian culture and the Taiwanese context of care.

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Changes in Parent–Child Relationships and Religious Views in Parents of LGB Youth Postdisclosure

The Family Journal ◽

10.1177/1066480717741650 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 336-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Melissa Campbell ◽

Olya Zaporozhets ◽

Mark A. Yarhouse

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

Sexual Identity ◽

Coming Out ◽

Family Members ◽

Lgb Youth ◽

Time Points ◽

Parent Child Relationships ◽

Sexual Identity Formation ◽

Parent Child ◽

Christian Beliefs

“Coming out” refers to disclosing one’s nonheterosexual identity to another person. Disclosure to family members is one of the most important and difficult milestones in sexual identity formation. This is a study of the experiences of Christian parents whose children came out as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. The study examined the changes in parent–child relationships and the parents’ Christian beliefs across three time points: before disclosure, in the couple months directly following disclosure, and at the time of the interview.

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Adding grey to the rainbow: a narrative analysis of generational identity through stories and counter-stories of older gay men

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x19001429 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-23

Author(s):

Kyle L. Bower ◽

Denise C. Lewis ◽

J. Maria Bermudez ◽

Anneliese A. Singh

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

Gay Men ◽

Narrative Analysis ◽

Later Life ◽

Gay Identity ◽

Sexual Identities ◽

Generational Identity ◽

Feminist Theories ◽

And Gender ◽

Older Gay Men

Abstract We explored identity formation among nine gay men who were born between 1946 and 1964. This group of nine was the largest homogeneous sub-group within a larger sample (N = 18). Although participants share similar demographic characteristics, their individual social, personal and narrative identities diverge to represent distinctive embodied selves. Guided by queer and feminist theories, the qualitative analysis identified dominant and counter-narratives that demonstrate the complexity of sexual identity as it evolves over time. All nine men recall being aware of their gay identity as children; however, like many socially constructed labels, their outward identity was more complex and difficult to understand. The findings demonstrate how participants negotiated their sexual identities through decades of social change. As illustrated within each subset of identity (i.e. social, personal and narrative), some participants found themselves breaking ground for a broader gay rights social movement, while others described their experience of being relegated to silence and invisibility for most of their lives. This research contributes to an ongoing discussion concerning the individuality found among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals in later life. As the LGBT population becomes more visible, there will be a growing need to understand the individualism that exists within this coalition and affirm their diversifying sexual and gender identities.

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Death, Friendship, and Female Identity During New England's Second Great Awakening

Journal of Family History ◽

10.1177/036319908701200402 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 367-387

Author(s):

Irene Quenzler Brown

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Identity Formation ◽

Family Members ◽

Female Identity ◽

Great Awakening ◽

Second Great Awakening ◽

The Public ◽

Spiritual Culture ◽

Rational Capacity

The memoirs of pious Christians, frequently edited by family members or intimate friends and carefully based on their extant papers, proliferated in the first half of the nineteenth century. These lives document the legacy of the Didactic Enlightenment of the previous century in their preoccupation with death and inclusive friendship, their refusal to draw sharp boundaries between the public and the private, the spiritual and the temporal and in their appreciation for the rational capacity of women. This study focuses on the life of Mary Hawes Van Lennep (1821–1844), missionary wife to Turkey, as traced by her mother, wife of the prominent Hartford, Connecticut preacher, Rev. Joel Hawes. It argues that friendship, as a moral and spiritual culture of bonding and separation, disciplined parents, children and friends alike and has particular significance for female identity formation. It also concludes that these evangelical memoirs are an important source for understanding a particular historical effort to live by a difficult form of affectivity that linked individuals to family and the wider community in a time when historical forces tended to promote the opposite.

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