scholarly journals Editorial: Current Status of Oral Antiviral Drug Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Non-Hospitalized Patients

2022 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinah V. Parums
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Drug Treatments

scholarly journals Amantadine Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Klaus Fink ◽  
Andreas Nitsche ◽  
Markus Neumann ◽  
Marica Grossegesse ◽  
Karl-Heinz Eisele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Counter Measures ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Intranasal Instillation

Since the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started in late 2019, the search for protective vaccines and for drug treatments has become mandatory to fight the global health emergency. Travel restrictions, social distancing, and face masks are suitable counter measures, but may not bring the pandemic under control because people will inadvertently or at a certain degree of restriction severity or duration become incompliant with the regulations. Even if vaccines are approved, the need for antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 will persist. However, unequivocal evidence for efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 has not been demonstrated for any of the repurposed antiviral drugs so far. Amantadine was approved as an antiviral drug against influenza A, and antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 has been reasoned by analogy but without data. We tested the efficacy of amantadine in vitro in Vero E6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, amantadine inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in two separate experiments with IC50 concentrations between 83 and 119 µM. Although these IC50 concentrations are above therapeutic amantadine levels after systemic administration, topical administration by inhalation or intranasal instillation may result in sufficient amantadine concentration in the airway epithelium without high systemic exposure. However, further studies in other models are needed to prove this hypothesis.

Dengue Structural Proteins as Antiviral Drug Targets: Current Status in the Drug Discovery & Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 113527
Author(s):  
Akshatha H. S ◽  
Gurubasavaraj V. Pujar ◽  
Arun Kumar Sethu ◽  
Meduri Bhagyalalitha ◽  
Manisha Singh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Current Status

A Combination of Amino Acid Mutations Leads to Resistance to Multiple Nucleoside Analogs in Reverse Transcriptases from HIV-1 Subtypes B and C

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Boyer ◽  
Catherine A. Rehm ◽  
Michael C. Sneller ◽  
JoAnn Mican ◽  
Margaret R. Caplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Nucleoside Analogs ◽  
Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽  
Reverse Transcriptases ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Amino Acid Mutations ◽  
Hiv Drugs ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

Resistance to anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) drugs has been a problem from the beginning of antiviral drug treatments. The recent expansion of combination antiretroviral therapy worldwide has led to an increase in resistance to antiretrovirals; understanding the mechanisms of resistance is increasingly important. In this study, we analyzed reverse transcriptase (RT) variants based on sequences derived from an individual who had a low-level rebound viremia while undergoing therapy with abacavir, azidothymidine (AZT or Zidovudine), and (−)-L-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (Lamivudine or 3TC). The RT had mutations at positions 64, 67, 70, 184, 219, and a threonine insertion after amino acid 69 in RT. The virus remained partially susceptible to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) regimen. We show how these mutations affect the ability of NRTIs to inhibit DNA synthesis by RT. The presence of the inserted threonine reduced the susceptibility of the RT mutant to inhibition by Tenofovir.

Treatment of the Acute Migraine Attack Current Status

Cephalalgia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Migraine Attack ◽  
Temporal Artery ◽  
Acute Attack ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Acute Migraine ◽  
Similar Action ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Ergotamine Tartrate ◽  
Acute Migraine Attack ◽  
Gastrointestinal Activity

The main treatment of the acute migraine attack remains sleep, sedation, an anti-nauseant and analgesics, and in some patients 1 or 2 mg of ergotamine tartrate. Drugs containing large amounts of caffeine should not be used. Absorption of drugs may be impaired in a migraine attack. Metoclopramide is probably the anti-emetic of choice because it is an effective anti-nauseant and promotes normal gastrointestinal activity. Domperidone has a similar action but is said not to go through the blood-brain harrier, so is less likely to cause extrapyramidal reactions. All drugs, including analgesics such as aspirin and paracetamol, are best given in a soluble or effervescent form. Where vomiting occurs early in the attack, suppositories may be indicated. Ergotamine tartrate is necessary in about one third of attacks and is best given by suppository or by inhalation. Doses higher than 2 mg per attack or 6 mg in one week may cause toxic symptoms, the early signs of which are headache, nausea, vomiting and a feeling of not being very well. The non-drug treatments of an acute attack include pressing on the temporal artery, hot and cold compresses and relaxation.

scholarly journals The current status and future directions of hepatitis B antiviral drug discovery

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudi Tang ◽  
Qiong Zhao ◽  
Shuo Wu ◽  
Junjun Cheng ◽  
Jinhong Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Directions

scholarly journals Epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis in Nilphamari district, Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Md Khalid Eakbal Anik ◽  
Hamida Khanum ◽  
Iftekhar Ahmed Rizvi ◽  
Shahela Alam ◽  
Hasina Banu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Social Risk Factors

The present study was carried out in Filaria Hospital of Nilphamari to find out the current status of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Nilphamari district: An endemic area for lymphatic filariasis in Bangladesh. The inhabitants of the villages, the outdoor patients and hospitalized patients in Filaria Hospital were selected for the study. The current status and the prevalence of filariasis in Nilphamari district was 4.43%, in Nilphamari Sadar was 3.25% and 4.10% in Sayedpur, 4.82% in Domar, 5.86% in Dimla, 3.85% in Joldhaka and 4.70% in Kishoreganj. It was found that 58.84% filarial patients were male and 41.16% were female; highest prevalence of the disease was observed at the age group of 41 - 60 years. Illiteracy and poverty are the important social risk factors of this disease , about 45% patients were illiterate. Most of the infected patients were very poor and belong to low income group. Only 40.5% patients knew about filariasis. Only 26.1% patients used mosquito curtains. During the study period, it was found that 66.15% of hospitalized filarial patients were male and 33.85% were female, in the Filaria Hospital of Nilphamari. The highest outdoor patients in Nilphamari Hospital were of age group 40 - 59 years and 76.22% patients had hydrocele. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(2): 103-111, 2016 (July)

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Single-Centre Study of 20 Cases from India

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ravi Raju Tatapudi ◽  
Venkateswara Rao Kopparti ◽  
Anusha Poosapati ◽  
Srinivas Metta ◽  
Atchyutha Rao Gongada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols

Introduction. The second wave of COVID-19 has spread across India causing unprecedented misery to people since March 2021. Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at an increased risk of severe infection. Their outcomes appear to be worse than those in the general population. There is no robust evidence or consensus to support any form of treatment protocol or modification of immunosuppression in KTRs with COVID-19. There is a need to develop effective and safe therapeutic protocols for this frail population. Remdesivir is the only approved antiviral drug in COVID-19 till now. Methods. We describe clinical features, role of HRCT, therapeutic protocols, and mortality rate of 20 KTRs with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results. Complete recovery was seen in 8 (40%) patients monitored at home. 12 (60%) patients with HRCT scores more than 8/25 were hospitalized. 11 (55%) had hypoxia, of these 8 (40%) had mild hypoxia, 1 (5%) required NIV, and 2 (10%) needed mechanical ventilation. Immunosuppression was modified in all the patients. Remdesivir and dexamethasone were administered to the hospitalized patients. 1 (5%) patient had AKI requiring RRT. 1 (5%) patient expired, and 1 still hospitalized. 10 of the hospitalized patients recovered. Out of the total 20 patients, 18 (90%) recovered completely within two weeks of infection. Conclusion. Clinical presentation of COVID-19 in KTRs was similar to nontransplant patients. Early hospitalisation and assessing the severity by HRCT were important. Continuing tacrolimus and administering remdesivir and dexamethasone reduced the incidence of renal failure and improved survival rates.

Coronavirus Disease 2019: Virology and Drug Targets

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Viral Target ◽  
Fda Approved Drugs

: The Coronavirus Disease 2019, a pandemic caused by novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is seriously affecting global health and the economy. As the vaccine development takes time, the current research is focused on repurposing FDA approved drugs against the viral target proteins. This review discusses the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 virology, its target structural proteins (S- glycoprotein), non-structural proteins (3- chymotrypsin-like protease, papain-like protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and helicase) and accessory proteins, drug discovery strategies (drug repurposing, artificial intelligence, and high-throughput screening), and the current status of antiviral drug development.

scholarly journals Current Status for Controlling the Overlooked Caprine Fasciolosis

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1819
Author(s):  
Gemma Zerna ◽  
Terry W. Spithill ◽  
Travis Beddoe
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Liver Flukes ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Globally Distributed

The disease fasciolosis is caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, which infect a wide range of mammals and production livestock, including goats. These flatworm parasites are globally distributed and predicted to cost the livestock industry a now conservative USD 3 billion per year in treatment and lowered on-farm productivity. Infection poses a risk to animal welfare and results in lowered fertility rates and reduced production yields of meat, milk and wool. This zoonotic disease is estimated to infect over 600 million animals and up to 2.4 million humans. Current and future control is threatened with the global emergence of flukes resistant to anthelmintics. Drug resistance calls for immediate on-farm parasite management to ensure treatments are effective and re-infection rates are kept low, while a sustainable long-term control method, such as a vaccine, is being developed. Despite the recent expansion of the goat industry, particularly in developing countries, there are limited studies on goat-focused vaccine control studies and the effectiveness of drug treatments. There is a requirement to collate caprine-specific fasciolosis knowledge. This review will present the current status of liver fluke caprine infections and potential control methods for application in goat farming.

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