Short-chain prenyl diphosphate synthase that condenses isopentenyl diphosphate with dimethylallyl diphosphate in ispA null Escherichia coli strain lacking farnesyl diphosphate synthase

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Saito ◽  
Shingo Fujisaki ◽  
Tokuzo Nishino
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase ◽  
Isopentenyl Diphosphate ◽  
Dimethylallyl Diphosphate ◽  
Prenyl Diphosphate ◽  
Prenyl Diphosphate Synthase

scholarly journals Improved Squalene Production via Modulation of the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway and Heterologous Expression of Genes from Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 27952 in Escherichia coli

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (22) ◽  
pp. 7291-7293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Prasad Ghimire ◽  
Hei Chan Lee ◽  
Jae Kyung Sohng
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Heterologous Expression ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase ◽  
Isopentenyl Diphosphate ◽  
Isopentenyl Diphosphate Isomerase ◽  
Streptomyces Peucetius ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding

ABSTRACT Putative hopanoid genes from Streptomyces peucetius were introduced into Escherichia coli to improve the production of squalene, an industrially important compound. High expression of hopA and hopB (encoding squalene/phytoene synthases) together with hopD (encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase) yielded 4.1 mg/liter of squalene. This level was elevated to 11.8 mg/liter when there was also increased expression of dxs and idi, E. coli genes encoding 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase.

scholarly journals Farnesyl diphosphate synthase; regulation of product specificity.

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Szkopińska ◽  
Danuta Płochocka
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase ◽  
Type I ◽  
Isopentenyl Diphosphate ◽  
Product Specificity ◽  
Dimethylallyl Diphosphate ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Synthase Regulation

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is a key enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis which supplies sesquiterpene precursors for several classes of essential metabolites including sterols, dolichols, ubiquinones and carotenoids as well as substrates for farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of proteins. It catalyzes the sequential head-to-tail condensation of two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate with dimethylallyl diphosphate. The enzyme is a homodimer of subunits, typically having two aspartate-rich motifs with two sets of substrate binding sites for an allylic diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate per homodimer. The synthase amino-acid residues at the 4th and 5th positions before the first aspartate rich motif mainly determine product specificity. Hypothetically, type I (eukaryotic) and type II (eubacterial) FPPSs evolved from archeal geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by substitutions in the chain length determination region. FPPS belongs to enzymes encoded by gene families. In plants this offers the possibility of differential regulation in response to environmental changes or to herbivore or pathogen attack.

scholarly journals Decaprenyl Diphosphate Synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (22) ◽  
pp. 7564-7570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devinder Kaur ◽  
Patrick J. Brennan ◽  
Dean C. Crick
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate ◽  
Isopentenyl Diphosphate ◽  
Prenyl Diphosphate ◽  
Mycobacterial Cell Wall ◽  
Prenyl Diphosphate Synthase

ABSTRACT Z-prenyl diphosphate synthases catalyze the sequential condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate with allylic diphosphates to synthesize polyprenyl diphosphates. In mycobacteria, these are precursors of decaprenyl phosphate, a molecule which plays a central role in the biosynthesis of essential mycobacterial cell wall components, such as the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex and lipoarabinomannan. Recently, it was demonstrated that open reading frame Rv2361c of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv genome encodes a unique prenyl diphosphate synthase (M. C. Schulbach, P. J. Brennan, and D. C. Crick, J. Biol. Chem. 275:22876-22881, 2000). We have now purified the enzyme to near homogeneity by using an Escherichia coli expression system and have shown that the product of this enzyme is decaprenyl diphosphate. Rv2361c has an absolute requirement for divalent cations and an optimal pH range of 7.5 to 8.5, and the activity is stimulated by both detergent and dithiothreitol. The enzyme catalyzes the addition of isopentenyl diphosphate to geranyl diphosphate, neryl diphosphate, ω,E,E-farnesyl diphosphate, ω,E,Z-farnesyl diphosphate, or ω,E,E,E-geranylgeranyl diphosphate, with Km values for the allylic substrates of 490, 29, 84, 290, and 40 μM, respectively. The Km value for isopentenyl diphosphate is 89 μM. The catalytic efficiency is greatest when ω,E,Z-farnesyl diphosphate is used as the allylic acceptor, suggesting that this is the natural substrate in vivo, a conclusion that is supported by previous structural studies of decaprenyl phosphoryl mannose isolated from M. tuberculosis. This is the first report of a bacterial Z-prenyl diphosphate synthase that preferentially utilizes an allylic diphosphate primer having the α-isoprene unit in the Z configuration, indicating that Rv1086 (ω,E,Z-farnesyl diphosphate synthase) and Rv2361c act sequentially in the biosynthetic pathway that leads to the formation of decaprenyl phosphate in M. tuberculosis.

Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Reactions with Dimethylallyl Diphosphate Analogues Having Oxygen Atoms in Their Chains

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Maki ◽  
Masayo Kurihara ◽  
Takae Endo ◽  
Megumi Abiko ◽  
Kazuhiro Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Farnesyl Diphosphate ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase ◽  
Dimethylallyl Diphosphate ◽  
Oxygen Atoms

scholarly journals Isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants and in Escherichia coli: on the branching in the methylerythritol phosphate pathway and the independent biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate

2002 ◽  
Vol 366 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François HOEFFLER ◽  
Andréa HEMMERLIN ◽  
Catherine GROSDEMANGE-BILLIARD ◽  
Thomas J. BACH ◽  
Michel ROHMER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
Mep Pathway ◽  
Isopentenyl Diphosphate ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Dimethylallyl Diphosphate ◽  
Deuterium Retention

In the bacterium Escherichia coli, the mevalonic-acid (MVA)-independent 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is characterized by two branches leading separately to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). The signature of this branching is the retention of deuterium in DMAPP and the deuterium loss in IPP after incorporation of 1-[4-2H]deoxy-d-xylulose ([4-2H]DX). Feeding tobacco BY-2 cell-suspension cultures with [4-2H]DX resulted in deuterium retention in the isoprene units derived from DMAPP, as well as from IPP in the plastidial isoprenoids, phytoene and plastoquinone, synthesized via the MEP pathway. This labelling pattern represents direct evidence for the presence of the DMAPP branch of the MEP pathway in a higher plant, and shows that IPP can be synthesized from DMAPP in plant plastids, most probably via a plastidial IPP isomerase.

scholarly journals Enhanced Lycopene Production in Escherichia coli by Expression of Two MEP Pathway Enzymes from Vibrio sp. Dhg

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Jae Kim ◽  
Myung Hyun Noh ◽  
Sunghwa Woo ◽  
Hyun Gyu Lim ◽  
Gyoo Yeol Jung
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Electron Transport Chain ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate ◽  
Mep Pathway ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase ◽  
Mva Pathway ◽  
Transport Chain ◽  
Lycopene Production ◽  
Specific Activities

Microbial production is a promising method that can overcome major limitations in conventional methods of lycopene production, such as low yields and variations in product quality. Significant efforts have been made to improve lycopene production by engineering either the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway or mevalonate (MVA) pathway in microorganisms. To further improve lycopene production, it is critical to utilize metabolic enzymes with high specific activities. Two enzymes, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (Dxs) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (IspA), are required in lycopene production using MEP pathway. Here, we evaluated the activities of Dxs and IspA of Vibrio sp. dhg, a newly isolated and fast-growing microorganism. Considering that the MEP pathway is closely related to the cell membrane and electron transport chain, the activities of the two enzymes of Vibrio sp. dhg were expected to be higher than the enzymes of Escherichia coli. We found that Dxs and IspA in Vibrio sp. dhg exhibited 1.08-fold and 1.38-fold higher catalytic efficiencies, respectively. Consequently, the heterologous overexpression improved the specific lycopene production by 1.88-fold. Our findings could be widely utilized to enhance production of lycopene and other carotenoids.

scholarly journals Polyprenyl Phosphate Biosynthesis inMycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (20) ◽  
pp. 5771-5778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean C. Crick ◽  
Mark C. Schulbach ◽  
Erin E. Zink ◽  
Marco Macchia ◽  
Silvia Barontini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Smegmatis ◽  
Farnesyl Diphosphate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate ◽  
Geranyl Diphosphate ◽  
Prenyl Diphosphate ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prenyl Diphosphate Synthase

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium smegmatis has been shown to contain two forms of polyprenyl phosphate (Pol-P), while Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains only one. Utilizing subcellular fractions from M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis, we show that Pol-P synthesis is different in these species. The specific activities of the prenyl diphosphate synthases in M. tuberculosis are 10- to 100-fold lower than those in M. smegmatis. In M. smegmatis decaprenyl diphosphate and heptaprenyl diphosphate were the main products synthesized in vitro, whereas in M. tuberculosis only decaprenyl diphosphate was synthesized. The data from both organisms suggest that geranyl diphosphate is the allylic substrate for two distinct prenyl diphosphate synthases, one located in the cell membrane that synthesizes ω,E,Z-farnesyl diphosphate and the other present in the cytosol that synthesizes ω,E,E,E-geranylgeranyl diphosphate. In M. smegmatis, the ω,E,Z-farnesyl diphosphate is utilized by a membrane-associated prenyl diphosphate synthase activity to generate decaprenyl diphosphate, and the ω,E,E,E-geranylgeranyl diphosphate is utilized by a membrane-associated activity for the synthesis of the heptaprenyl diphosphate. In M. tuberculosis, however, ω,E,E,E-geranylgeranyl diphosphate is not utilized for the synthesis of heptaprenyl diphosphate. Thus, the difference in the compositions of the Pol-P ofM. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis can be attributed to distinct enzymatic differences between these two organisms.

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