scholarly journals Intrathecal baclofen pump – a viable therapeutic option in pregnancy

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saira S Tandon ◽  
Iffath Hoskins ◽  
Salman Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Intrathecal Baclofen ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Human Dose ◽  
Acid Analogue

Baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue, is used as a muscle relaxant and antispasmodic to relieve symptoms in patients with intractable spasticity arising from cerebral or spinal aetiology such as in traumatic brain injury or multiple sclerosis. As it is often used in women of reproductive age, it is imperative to know the safety and associated maternal and fetal risks. The Food and Drug Administration has assigned the drug to Pregnancy Category C because of the lack of controlled data in humans. Animal studies have revealed an increased incidence of omphalocele if used in doses several times the recommended human dose. Baclofen should only be given during pregnancy when the benefits outweigh the risks. Baclofen is considered compatible with breast feeding by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Drug Therapy of Aggressive Behaviors Accompanying Dementia

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 194-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie E. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Aggressive Behaviors ◽  
Target Behaviors ◽  
Beta Blocking

Aggressive behaviors often accompany dementia in the elderly, institutionalized patient. These may include any number of verbal or physical acts, and range from swearing, threatening, to harming self, others, or property. Identifying specific target behaviors for treatment is important in selecting the appropriate therapeutic option. The major neurotransmitters involved in aggression include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin, which inhibit aggression, and dopamine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine, which increase it. Drug therapy for control of aggressive behaviors has traditionally included the antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. However, additional, newer therapies are also useful. Among these are the anticonvulsants carbamazepine and valproic acid, various beta-blocking agents, antidepressants, and buspirone. These medications may be needed when nondrug therapy for control of behavioral problems fails or is insufficient. Determining which behaviors are problematic and need treatment, knowing which medications are indicated for those problems, and noting contraindications for particular drug therapies will lead to the best therapeutic option for a given patient.

Anaesthesia for the Growing Brain

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 2165-2170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Raviraj ◽  
Thomas Engelhardt ◽  
Tom G. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Gabaa Receptors ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
History Of

Despite the long history of paediatric anaesthesia, there is still much to be discovered regarding how exposure to anaesthesia affects the developing brain. Given that commonly used anaesthetic agents are thought to exert their effect via N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors, it is biologically plausible that exposure during periods of vulnerable brain development may affect long term outcome. There are numerous animal studies which suggest lasting neurological changes. However, whether this risk also applies to humans is unclear given the varying physiological development of different species and humans. Human studies are emerging and ongoing and their results are producing conflicting data. The purpose of this review is to summarize the currently available evidence and consider how this may be used to minimize harm to the paediatric population undergoing anaesthesia.

Progestogen-only pills: which progestogen would be ideal

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Egarter
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Thromboembolic Risk ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Risk Increase ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Combined Hormonal Contraceptives

AbstractCompared with nonuse, combined hormonal contraceptives containing estrogen and a progestogen are associated with a roughly 2- to 3-fold increased risk of venous and a 2-fold increased risk of arterial thromboembolism, including stroke and acute myocardial infarction. These events are, however, overall rare among women of reproductive age. Historically, progestin-only pills were not thought to be linked with any thromboembolic risk increase. Therefore, these preparations may be valuable options in women who are ineligible to take combined hormonal contraceptives. Until recently, only progestogens with partial androgenic activities were available. As demonstrated in animal studies, more modern progestogens such as drospirenone with its anti-mineralocorticoid effects may be associated with even more favorable aspects, which have to be clinically demonstrated, however, in future studies.

Purification of Antihemophilic Factor (Factor VIII) by Amino Acid Precipitation*

1964 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 064-074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H Wagner ◽  
William D McLester ◽  
Marion Smith ◽  
K. M Brinkhous
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Specific Procedure ◽  
Beta Alanine ◽  
Antihemophilic Factor

Summary1. The use of several amino acids, glycine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, alanine, beta-alanine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid, as plasma protein precipitants is described.2. A specific procedure is detailed for the preparation of canine antihemophilic factor (AHF, Factor VIII) in which glycine, beta-alanine, and gammaaminobutyric acid serve as the protein precipitants.3. Preliminary results are reported for the precipitation of bovine and human AHF with amino acids.

A Simple Method for Preparing Fibrinogen

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 198-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Straughn ◽  
R. H Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Barium Sulfate ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Human Fibrinogen ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Marked Stability

SummaryA simple new procedure is reported for the isolation of canine, bovine, porcine, and human fibrinogen. Two molar β-alanine is used to precipitate fibrinogen from barium sulfate adsorbed plasma. The procedure is characterized by dependability and high yields. The material is 95% to 98% clottable protein but still contains impurities such as plasminogen and fibrin-stabilizing factor. Plasminogen may be removed by adsorption with charcoal. The fibrinogen preparations exhibit marked stability to freezing, lyophilization, and dialysis. Epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid which were also studied have the property of precipitating proteins from plasma but lack the specificity for fibrinogen found with β-alanine.

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