Should registrars be reporting after-hours CT scans? A calculation of error rate and the influencing factors in South Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen D Terreblanche ◽  
Savvas Andronikou ◽  
Linda T Hlabangana ◽  
Taryn Brown ◽  
Pieter E Boshoff
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
After Hours ◽  
The Difference

Background There is a heavy reliance on registrars for after-hours CT reporting with a resultant unavoidable error rate. Purpose To determine the after-hours CT reporting error rate by radiology registrars and influencing factors on this error rate. Material and Methods A 2-month prospective study was undertaken at two tertiary, level 1 trauma centers in Johannesburg, South Africa. Provisional CT reports issued by the registrar on call were reviewed by a qualified radiologist the following morning and information relating to the number, time and type of reporting errors made as well as the body region scanned, indication for the scan, year of training of the registrar, and workload during the call were recorded and analyzed. Results A total of 1477 CT scans were performed with an overall error rate of 17.1% and a major error rate of 7.7%. The error rate for 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year registrars was 19.4%, 15.1%, and 14.5%, respectively. A significant difference was found between the error rate in reporting trauma scans (15.8%) compared to non-trauma scans (19.2%) although the difference between emergency scans (16.9%) and elective scans (22.6%) was found to be not significant, a finding likely due to the low number of elective scans performed. Abdominopelvic scans elicited the highest number of errors (33.9%) compared to the other body regions such as head (16.5%) and cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine (11.7%). Increasing workload resulted in a significant increase in error rate when analyzed with a generalized linear model. There was also a significant difference noted in the time of scan groups which we attributed to a workload effect. Missed findings were the most frequent errors seen (57.3%). Conclusion We found an increasing error rate associated with increasing workload and marked increase in errors with the reporting of abdominopelvic scans. There was a decrease in the error rate when looking an increasing year of training although this there was only found to be significant difference between the 2nd and 3rd year registrars.

Cranial crassicaudiasis in two coastal dolphin species from South Africa is predominantly a disease of immature individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
MF Van Bressem ◽  
P Duignan ◽  
JA Raga ◽  
K Van Waerebeek ◽  
N Fraijia-Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Osteolytic Lesions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Crassicauda spp. (Nematoda) infest the cranial sinuses of several odontocetes, causing diagnostic trabecular osteolytic lesions. We examined skulls of 77 Indian Ocean humpback dolphins Sousa plumbea and 69 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus, caught in bather-protecting nets off KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) from 1970-2017, and skulls of 6 S. plumbea stranded along the southern Cape coast in South Africa from 1963-2002. Prevalence of cranial crassicaudiasis was evaluated according to sex and cranial maturity. Overall, prevalence in S. plumbea and T. aduncus taken off KZN was 13 and 31.9%, respectively. Parasitosis variably affected 1 or more cranial bones (frontal, pterygoid, maxillary and sphenoid). No significant difference was found by gender for either species, allowing sexes to be pooled. However, there was a significant difference in lesion prevalence by age, with immature T. aduncus 4.6 times more likely affected than adults, while for S. plumbea, the difference was 6.5-fold. As severe osteolytic lesions are unlikely to heal without trace, we propose that infection is more likely to have a fatal outcome for immature dolphins, possibly because of incomplete bone development, lower immune competence in clearing parasites or an over-exuberant inflammatory response in concert with parasitic enzymatic erosion. Cranial osteolysis was not observed in mature males (18 S. plumbea, 21 T. aduncus), suggesting potential cohort-linked immune-mediated resistance to infestation. Crassicauda spp. may play a role in the natural mortality of S. plumbea and T. aduncus, but the pathogenesis and population level impact remain unknown.

Perbedaan Penggunaan Antikoagulan K2EDTA DAN K3EDTA Terhadap Hasil Pemeriksaan Indeks Eritrosit

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Wahdaniah Wahdaniah ◽  
Sri Tumpuk
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ethylene Diamine ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Index Value

Abstract: Routine blood examination is the earliest blood test or screening test to determine the diagnosis of an abnormality. Blood easily froze if it is outside the body and can be prevented by the addition of anticoagulants, one of which Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA). Currently available vacuum tubes containing EDTA anticoagulants in the form of K2EDTA and K3EDTA. K3EDTA is usually a salt that has better stability than other EDTA salts because it shows a pH approaching a blood pH of about 6.4. The purpose of this research is to know the difference of erythrocyte index results include MCH, MCV and MCHC using K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA. This research is a cross sectional design. This study used venous blood samples mixed with K2EDTA anticoagulant and venous blood mixed with K3EDTA anticoagulants, each of 30 samples. Data were collected and analyzed using paired different test. Based on data analysis that has been done on MCH examination, p value <0,05 then there is a significant difference between samples with K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA to erythrocyte index value. Then on the examination of MCV and MCHC obtained p value <0.05 then there is no significant difference between samples with K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA to erythrocyte index value.Abstrak: Pemeriksaan darah rutin merupakan pemeriksaan darah yang paling awal atau screening test untuk mengetahui diagnosis suatu kelainan. Darah mudah membeku jika berada diluar tubuh dan bisa dicegah dengan penambahan antikoagulan, salah satunya Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA). Dewasa ini telah tersedia tabung vakum yang sudah berisi antikoagulan EDTA dalam bentuk  K2EDTA dan  K3EDTA. K3EDTA  biasanya berupa garam yang mempunyai stabilitas yang lebih baik dari garam EDTA yang lain karena menunjukkan pH yang mendekati pH darah yaitu sekitar 6,4. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil indeks eritrosit meliputi MCH, MCV dan MCHC menggunakan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan desain cross sectional. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel darah vena yang dicampur dengan antikoagulan K2EDTA dan darah vena yang dicampur dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA, masing-masing sebanyak 30 sampel. Data dikumpulkan dan dianalisis menggunakan uji beda berpasangan. Berdasarkan analisis data yang telah dilakukan pada pemeriksaan MCH didapatkan nilai p < 0,05 maka ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sampel dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA terhadap nilai indeks eritrosit. Kemudian pada pemeriksaan MCV dan MCHC didapatkan nilai p < 0,05 maka tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sampel dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA terhadap nilai indeks eritrosit.

scholarly journals Discovering the forbidden Raman modes at the edges of layered materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. eaau6252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Guo ◽  
Weixuan Zhang ◽  
Hanchun Wu ◽  
Junfeng Han ◽  
Yongliang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Layered Materials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Edge Type ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Raman Modes ◽  
Raman Study

The edges of layered materials have unique properties that substantially differ from the body regions. In this work, we perform a systematic Raman study of the edges of various layered materials (MoS2, WS2, WSe2, PtS2, and black phosphorus). The Raman spectra of the edges feature newly observed forbidden Raman modes, which are originally undetectable from the body region. By selecting the edge type and the polarization directions of the incident and scattered light, all forbidden Raman modes are distinctly detected. Optical simulations show that the edges of layered materials drastically distort the electromagnetic fields of both the incident and scattered light, so that the light interacts with the edges in a distinct way, which differs from its interactions with the body regions.

scholarly journals The difference in pediatric blood pressure between middle childhood and late childhood prior to dental treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitri Anissa Syaimima Syaiful Azim ◽  
Arlette Suzy Puspa Pertiwi ◽  
Rosiliwati Wihardja
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Every child will go through several stages in his or her life. They are different from each other as they are in the process of development of cognition, physics, emotion, and personality. For many children, a visit to the dentist can raise their anxiety. This anxiousness will lead to stress that influences the cardiovascular function in the body. The purpose of this research was to determine the difference in pediatric blood pressure between middle childhood and late childhood prior to dental treatment. This research was a clinical trial, pure experimental study. The sample consisted of 30 children within the range of 4-12 years old where they were divided into two groups of age; middle childhood (4-7 years old) and late childhood (8-12 years old). The blood pressures were measured before any dental treatment began and the values were recorded. The data were then analyzed using the One-Sample T-Test analysis. The results of blood pressure in middle childhood and late childhood were compared to the average mean values for each age group. It showed that there was a significant difference in the systolic pressure, which was found higher in the middle childhood group compared to the late childhood. From the result can be concluded that there was a difference in the pediatric blood pressure between middle childhood and late childhood prior to dental treatment.

Reports of Regional Body Discomfort during Carpenter Apprentice Training

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (13) ◽  
pp. 688-692
Author(s):  
Peregrin Spielholz ◽  
Steven F. Wiker
Keyword(s):  
Body Region ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
Musculoskeletal Discomfort ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Discomfort

Regional discomfort questionnaires were administered to apprentice carpenters at three month intervals for a duration of six months following an ergonomics awareness training as part of apprenticeship school. Reports of frequent musculoskeletal discomfort were reported by between 20 and 29 percent of carpenters for each of the nine body regions with the exception of higher levels for the lower back. Severity ratings and frequency of discomfort were highest for the lower back and hands/wrists. There was no significant difference in reports of musculoskeletal discomfort among the baseline and follow-up questionniares (p > 0.05). The lower back was the only body region showing a decrease in the ratings of discomfort severity during follow-up. Further study of training effects on work methods and discomfort are recommended.

Platelet Mechanosensing: Adhesion and Spreading On Immobilized Fibrinogen Depends On Substrate Stiffness

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 384-384
Author(s):  
Yongzhi Qiu ◽  
Ashley C Brown ◽  
Woo Jin Jung ◽  
Yumiko Sakurai ◽  
Robert Mannino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Substrate Stiffness ◽  
Fibrinogen Concentration ◽  
Spreading Area ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Underlying Substrate ◽  
Covalently Bound

Abstract Abstract 384 Background: Whereas surface-immobilized fibrinogen readily causes platelet adhesion and spreading, soluble fibrinogen, on the other hand, does not lead to platelet activation without the presence of other hemostatic/thrombotic signals. This dramatically different response of platelets to fibrinogen may be due to biochemical difference in fibrinogen unfolding (Agnihotri, et al., Langmuir, 2004), but may also be due to the difference in how platelets directly react to the physical properties of the substrate underneath the fibrinogen. Similarly, recent studies have shown that many types of adherent eukaryotic cells respond differently to substrates of different physical properties. In particular, cells are able to mechanosense the stiffness of their underlying substrate, and to change their spreading, re-organize their cytoskeleton, and even alter gene expression responding to the sensed stiffness (Discher, et al., Science, 2005). More specific to platelets, our group has recently shown that the contraction of single platelets on fibrinogen surfaces increases with increasing substrate stiffness (Lam, et al., Nat Mater, 2011). Therefore, we hypothesize that substrate stiffness can also affect platelet adhesion and spreading on fibrinogen. In this study, we synthesized polyacrylamide (PAA) gels, which can be tuned to different stiffnesses and easily modified with covalently-bound fibrinogen on the surface. This assay enables independent control of substrate stiffness while maintaining constant biochemical composition and fibrinogen density, and we applied this system to quantitatively investigate the role of substrate stiffness in platelet adhesion and spreading on fibrinogen. Results and Discussions: 3 μg/ml fibrinogen was covalently bound to the surface of PAA gels of different stiffnesses (0.25, 0.5, 2.5, 5, 50 and 100 kilopascals (KPa)) (Figure 1A). This applied range of substrate stiffness mimics the stiffness of different tissues in the body (Engler, et al., Cell, 2006). Moreover, glass (with a stiffness of ∼65–70 × 103 KPa) adsorbed with 3 μg/ml fibrinogen was also used for comparison. During 2 hour incubations, washed human platelets differently adhered to and spread on the surface of PAA gels. By simply varying the stiffness of the fibrinogen-bound PAA gels, we observed dramatic differences in the number of adherent platelets and their morphology (Figure 1B). The number of adherent platelets increased with increasing stiffness, reaching a plateau at 2.5 KPa, with adherence similar to that of fibrinogen-adsorbed glass (Figure 1C). While platelets did not spread on 2.5 KPa and softer gels, approximately 30–40% adherent platelets spread on 5KPa and stiffer gels, resulting in a significantly higher average spreading area of adherent platelets (Figure 1D and E). However, compared to all the gels, mostly all platelets adhered on glass surface spread (area > 35 μm2) and showed a significantly higher spreading area (Figure 1D and E). Moreover, no significant difference in fibrinogen concentration was detected among fibrinogen-bound PAA gels of different stiffnesses and fibrinogen-adsorbed glass (Data not shown), which indicated that the difference we observed could be independently due to the substrate stiffness. Conclusions and Ongoing Efforts: Our data suggest that platelets sense the mechanical properties of the underlying substrate to fine-tune the degree of adhesion and spreading on fibrinogen. Thus, fibrinogen on soft substrates appears to activate platelets to a lesser degree than the same concentration of fibrinogen on stiffer substrates. We are currently investigating how substrate stiffness triggers mechanotransduction in platelets and affects their outside-in activation and signaling. Our study also provides potential insights for preventing clot formation on implanted biomaterials and medical devices. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Exposure to priority organochlorine contaminants in the Italian general population. Part 2

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
EJ Mrema ◽  
FM Rubino ◽  
S Mandic-Rajcevic ◽  
E Sturchio ◽  
R Turci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
General Population ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
The Body ◽  
Population Total ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Organochlorine Contaminants ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Age Range

Concentrations of 36 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in serum of 372 Italian residents of general population living in Novafeltria, Pavia, and Milan. Total PCB level differed significantly between these sites ( p < 0.0001) with median concentrations of 836.50, 1354.57, and 2062.08 pmol/g lipid, respectively. However, there is no evidence for the difference in distribution of total PCB levels by genders. Total dioxin-like PCBs differed significantly ( p < 0.0001) between the sites (median 109.78, 50.88, and 166.99 pmol/g lipid, respectively) and genders of Novafeltria and Pavia ( p = 0.011 and 0.009, respectively). PCB 138, 153, 170, and 180 differed significantly between the places of residence ( p < 0.0001) with higher values in Milan population. In the overall population, total PCB and PCB 138, 153, 156, 170, and 180 correlated positively with age (correlations range between 0.320 and 0.569, p < 0.0001). In Novafeltria, the correlations ranged between 0.545 and 0.670, and in Pavia, the correlations ranged between 0.516 and 0.666. In Milan, correlations with age range between 0.327 and 0.417 for total PCB and congeners 138, 153, and 180. With an exception of PCB 170, there was no evidence of significant difference in the distribution of most abundant PCB congeners and total PCB across the body mass index categories.

scholarly journals Disaster mitigation by local government: A case study of Foreman and Kennedy road informal settlements in the eThekwini municipality, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-365
Author(s):  
Bethuel Sibongiseni Ngcamu ◽  
Nirmala Dorasamy
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Significant Difference

Disaster mitigation is one of the phases within the disaster management cycle which alleviates the adverse impact of disasters by instituting structural and non-structural measures where infrastructure and people are at risk. Disaster mitigation remains an overlooked phenomenon by governments in developing countries, despite its negative repurcusion which is aggravated by economic downturns, infrastructural destruction and political unrest. The literature review reveals a need for long-term disaster mitigation strategies to be carried out well before disaster events. Among the most crucial demands are the need to embed mitigation in government departments’ planning programmes, the need for community participation and intergovernmental relations with the aim to create disaster resistant communities. The purpose of the article is to contribute to the development of a robust disaster management framework and the centre within eThekwini Municipality with the aim to create properly balanced mitigation strategies. Furthermore, to add value to the body of knowledge in South Africa as there are a limited number of researchers who have contributed to the study of disaster mitigation. The research was undertaken at the Foreman and Kennedy Road informal settlements located in Clare Estate, under Ward 25, in Durban. Questionnaires were self-administered to a population size of 220 respondents, from which a sample size of 140 respondents completed the questionnaires, thereby generating a response rate of 63.6%. Interviews were also conducted with municipality officials involved in disaster management. Data was analysed in the form of frequency distribution and cross-tabulation tables. The article indicates a significant difference between sturdy and non-compliance building materials used to build the informal settlements. The article indicates that eThekwini Municipality does not have mitigation strategy as well as short or long-term planning. The building density, the use of combustible building materials for wall and roofs, and structural instability, all have a considerable influence on the spread of fire to the informal settlements.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pupils’ Knowledge about Kidney Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12811
Author(s):  
Theodore Vassilikopoulos ◽  
Athena Kalokairinou ◽  
Georgia Kourlaba ◽  
Eirini Grapsa
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
General Education ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Clinically Significant

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of renal function knowledge of primary school pupils in Greece. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 220 pupils, coming from the 5th and 6th grades of general education schools. A questionnaire consisting of 11 questions was developed from scratch. However, based on an analysis of Cronbach’s alpha values obtained when individual questions were deleted, two questions were removed from the analysis, and only nine remained for analysis and participated in the calculation of the knowledge score. Moreover, the gender and daily habits of pupils regarding water consumption and frequency of urination were recorded. Pupils had a high percentage of correct knowledge about the number of kidneys (95.2%), whether a child may have problems with the kidneys (85.5%) and whether a person can survive with one kidney (68.5%). Low levels of knowledge were observed in the function and role of the kidneys (36.4%), as well as the part of the body where the kidneys are located (30.9%). The median (interquartile range (IQR)) total knowledge score was 6 (5–7), with no difference detected between genders (p = 0.135). A statistically significant difference between pupils of 5th and 6th grades was found but the difference did not seem to be clinically significant (p = 0.035). The present research demonstrates that pupils’ knowledge of renal function and the protection of their kidneys needs improvement.

scholarly journals The Knowledge and The Hydration Status of Junior Martial Art Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Ajeng Sindi Tirtasari ◽  
Kunjung Ashadi
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Martial Art ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study was to determine the adequacy of fluids in the body during training for youth athletes of martial arts. The research method uses descriptive quantitative. Data collection techniques were obtained from urine tests, interviews, and multiple choice questions on 10 athletes consisting of five male athletes and five female athletes of martial art with a maximum age criteria of 18 years. Data analysis techniques used mean, standard deviation, percentage, graph, normality, and different test Paired Sample T Test to find out the difference in the mean. Athletes' knowledge of hydration was in the moderate category and there was a significant difference (Sig. <0.05) in the average hydration before and after training by the Madiun Regency martial art athletes.  

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