Randomized experiment on subsidizing public transport for low to middle income populations in developing contexts.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Guzman ◽  
Santiago Gomez Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Randomized Experiment ◽  
Middle Income

scholarly journals Operational and Safety Assessment of Motorised Three-Wheel Vehicles for Public Transport in the Tamale Metropolis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Lukuman Wahab ◽  
Mohammed Salifu
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Traffic Classification ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
Tamale Metropolis ◽  
Mode Of Transport

Motorised three-wheel vehicles are important modes of transportation in the Tamale metroplis because they provide alternative mobility solutions for low and middle income earners and fill the gaps in transportation systems in Ghana. The fact that motorised three-wheel vehicles are inexpensive to manufacture, sell, operate and repair compared to cars have also catalysed the surge in their ownership. This study evaluates the operations and safety of motorised three-wheel vehicles as a means of public transport for goods and humans in the Tamale Metropolis. To achieve this objective, a manual traffic classification count was carried out on the following main roads: Hospital Road, Bolgatanga Road, Choogu Road and Nyohini Road within the study area; a survey questionnaire was designed to elicit information from operators as well as users of motorised three-wheel vehicles. Road traffic crashes data were obtained and analysed. Direct field observations were also carried out along selected roads. The manual traffic classification count revealed that motorised three-wheel vehicles constitute the third most significant mode of transport in the study area whereas light vehicles and motorcycles are first and second respectively. Additionally, operation of motorised three-wheel vehicles provides employment or livelihood to people who are otherwise unemployable and have families to take care of. In terms of safety, 94.6% are completely unlicensed, 3.1% have motorcycle license, 1.5% have tractor operator license and 0.8% have driving license. Lack of required driving skills could be one of contributing factors of crashes in the study area. The vehicles also stop or park at unauthorised places, leading to congestion and traffic management problems on roads. It is therefore recommended that the operation of motorised three-wheel vehicles within Tamale Metropolis Area be regulated and designated spaces provided for parking. Keywords: Motorised three-wheel Vehicles, Public Transport, Operational, Safety; Tamale

scholarly journals Revisiting Accessibility in a Context of Sustainable Transport: Capabilities and Inequalities in Bogotá

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Oviedo ◽  
Luis A. Guzman
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Sustainable Urban Mobility ◽  
Household Travel

This research sets out to examine the interaction between accessibility, social inequalities and sustainability by revisiting a well-documented case of inequalities in access in Global South cities: Bogotá. Our analysis builds on the concept of accessibility, focusing on the role of transport as an enabler of opportunities for social interactions, healthcare and leisure, which are essential to the full participation in society. The research applies a methodological framework for accessibility developed and tested in the Latin American context, though it has not been previously applied to non-commuting travel. Our paper contributes to the existing evidence base showing the relevance of non-commuting travel to sustainable transport assessment in contexts of high inequality, which can be scaled up and applied in other contexts with various levels of social and environmental inequalities. The empirical analysis is based on data from Bogotá’s household travel survey. Using this dataset, we measure accessibility using a gravitational type of metric that is calibrated based on observed travel behavior. Accessibility levels were estimated by car and public transport for every zonal planning unit in the Bogotá Region. Accessibility indices are analyzed from an equity perspective using metrics such as the Palma ratio for differences of income and socioeconomic positions. Results show that on average, low- and middle-income areas have higher accessibility than high-income areas by both private and public transport. Accessibility conditions are discussed considering a framework of transitions to sustainable urban mobility, reflecting on various drivers and consequences of barriers to access in different areas and social groups. Our findings provide insights to support actions that redistribute accessibility of opportunities beyond the job market, questioning the applicability of accessibility measures to discuss equity and sustainability in cities such as Bogotá.

scholarly journals Activity-travel participation, multitasking in travel and daily well-being

2019 ◽  
Vol 270 ◽  
pp. 03014
Author(s):  
Nurul Fatihah Mohd Fauzi ◽  
Dimas B.E. Dharmowijoyo
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Percentage Time ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Activity Diary

Using hierarchical liniear regression and multi-dimensional three-week household time-use and activity diary, this study investigated the interaction among spatiotemporal variables on percentage time of engaging multitasking in travel, and how endogenous of percentage time of engaging multitasking in travel interact with other spatiotemporal variables on individuals’ daily subjective well-being. Different from descriptive analysis result, the result in using hierarchical linear regression shows that having tighter time-space constraints tend to positively correlate with performing multitasking activities within travel more often. Moreover, the ones who peform more trips such as the youngest travellers and someone from middle income tend to perform multitasking activities in travel more often. Endogenous of percentage time of engaging multitasking in travel shows positive correlation on improving someone’s daily well-being, as expected. In term of policy implication, undertaking passive leisure within travel can be suggested to improve someone’s daily well-being. The opportunity to undertake passive leisure within travel can be an advantage of using public transport.

scholarly journals Gender differences in active travel in major cities across the world

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Goel ◽  
Oyinlola Oyebode ◽  
Louise Foley ◽  
Lambed Tatah ◽  
Christopher Millett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Active Travel ◽  
Male Violence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Age Dependent

AbstractThere is lack of literature on international comparison of gender differences in the use of active travel modes. We used population-representative travel surveys for 19 major cities across 13 countries and 6 continents, representing a mix of cites from low-and-middle income (n = 8) and high-income countries (n = 11). In all the cities, females are more likely than males to walk and, in most cities, more likely to use public transport. This relationship reverses in cycling, with females often less likely users than males. In high cycling cities, both genders are equally likely to cycle. Active travel to access public transport contributes 30–50% of total active travel time. The gender differences in active travel metrics are age dependent. Among children (< 16 years), these metrics are often equal for girls and boys, while gender disparity increases with age. On average, active travel enables one in every four people in the population to achieve at least 30 min of physical activity in a day, though there is large variation across the cities. In general, females are more likely to achieve this level than males. The results highlight the importance of a gendered approach towards active transport policies. Such an approach necessitates reducing road traffic danger and male violence, as well as overcoming social norms that restrict women from cycling.

scholarly journals Impact of front-of-pack nutrition labels on consumer purchasing intentions: a randomized experiment in low- and middle-income Mexican adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Jáuregui ◽  
Jorge Vargas-Meza ◽  
Claudia Nieto ◽  
Alejandra Contreras-Manzano ◽  
Nelson Zacarías Alejandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Experiment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Nutrition Labels ◽  
Mexican Adults ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Spatial Access by Public Transport and Likelihood of Healthcare Consultations at Hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (12) ◽  
pp. 188-198
Author(s):  
Boer Cui ◽  
Geneviève Boisjoly ◽  
Rania Wasfi ◽  
Heather Orpana ◽  
Kevin Manaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Spatial Access ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Metropolitan Regions

As healthcare is a right in Canada, analyzing the distribution of spatial access to medical consultations, which are crucial for the prevention, diagnosis, and early treatment of illnesses, is fundamental to understanding health equity. Spatial accessibility can influence whether individuals can reasonably reach the services they seek. However, as an indicator of potential access, it does not guarantee realized access because of predisposing and need factors. This study examines the relationship between spatial accessibility to hospitals and the likelihood of consulting with a healthcare professional at a hospital in eight Canadian metropolitan regions while controlling for individual characteristics through multilevel regression modeling. Spatial accessibility was computed using the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method. Self-reported consultations and socio-demographic characteristics were obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey. We found that the likelihood of consultations differed between genders (female OR: 1.133, CI: 1.023–1.255; compared with male) and followed a positive household income gradient (high-income OR: 1.236, CI: 1.094–1.397; middle-income OR: 1.039, CI: 0.922–1.172; compared with low-income), but is not influenced by age. Living in areas with higher spatial accessibility was positively linked to consultations (OR: 1.014, CI: 1.000–1.028), even after controlling for perceived health (OR: 0.540, CI: 0.471–0.621), chronic conditions (OR: 1.738, CI: 1.587–1.904), and having a regular doctor (OR: 1.313, CI: 1.187–1.452). Policies that may improve spatial accessibility to healthcare services through increasing supply, managing demand, and enhancing level of public transport service should be considered to improve individuals’ ability to consult healthcare professionals, potentially leading to better health outcomes.

Some Conditions for Task Shifting in Low and Middle-Income Countries

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop de Jong ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
Ivan Komproe ◽  
Robert Macy ◽  
Aline & Herman Ndayisaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Shifting ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income
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