The impact of a charge transparency tool on outpatient provider markets.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Kim
Keyword(s):  
A Charge ◽  
Outpatient Provider ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Factors influencing the imposition of a charge on the entrance to the interpretive trails in the large protected areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1041-1049
Author(s):  
Josef Navrátil ◽  
Kamil Pícha
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Fractional Factorial Design ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Large Protected Areas ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The aim of this paper is to assess the relation between the character of the interpretive trail and the imposition of a charge on the entrance. This was done using the discrete choice experiment that involves eight attributes, seven of which are with three levels: the overall character of the trail, the way that the route signs are used in the terrain, the ways of providing information, the length of the trail, the way of the routing, the focus of the trail, and the price of the entrance. There is also one with two levels that involves the existence of the places for rest. The fractional factorial design was used (the orthogonal main effects plan) and the Multinomial Logit Model was used in analyzing the data. The 2,830 choices were done by random sampled visitors from eight tourist locations in the Tourist Regions of the Šumava Mts. and South Bohemia during the summer season 2012. The impact of the character of the trail was especially detected in the model. Except for that, the equipment of the trail and its length have had the fundamental impact on the choice of the trail as well. Those longer and worse equipped trails have a significantly lower degree of utility for the respondents. What is quite surprising is that the respondents refused the ecotourism elements of the interpretive trails, such as the possibility of going through the trail on horseback or the accompaniment of an expert who would provide some comments, as it is common to do this at historical attractions within those sightseeing paths.

Corporal Punishment: Law Reform Lessons for Australia from South Africa and New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia-Ann Greeff
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
National Level ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
In Loco Parentis ◽  
A Charge ◽  
The Impact

This article compares the law reform methods employed by South Africa and New Zealand to eliminate the defence of ‘moderate and reasonable chastisement’ to a charge of common assault, to determine the best possible law reform strategy for Australian jurisdictions, within the context of its federal system of governance. South Africa and New Zealand banned corporal punishment on a national level, with South Africa prohibiting the use of corporal punishment by way of the judicial condemnation of the Constitutional Court in 2019, and New Zealand’s legislation to ban corporal punishment through Parliamentary processes in 2007. Corporal punishment in the home is still legal in Australia if administered by parents or those in loco parentis. This article focuses on the three Australian States that have enacted human rights legislation—Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and Queensland—and the impact of this legislation on judicial law reform. In this regard, the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty is discussed in terms of its ability to limit public interest litigation’s viability to strike down inconsistent legislation. The article suggests that all three countries can learn from one another concerning the successes and/or failures of law reform. Furthermore, the article concludes by acknowledging that even though formal abolition is the norm in South Africa and New Zealand, corporal punishment remains widespread. Parents and those in loco parentis must be supported by continual education initiatives to bring about requisite social and cultural change.

scholarly journals Is the Climb Worth the View? The Savings/Alert Ratio for Reducing Vitamin D Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 160-165
Author(s):  
Chase D. Hendrickson ◽  
Michael F. McLemore ◽  
Kathryn M. Dahir ◽  
Shari Just ◽  
Zahra Shajani-Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
A Charge ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite guideline recommendations, vitamin D testing has increased substantially. Clinical decision support (CDS) presents an opportunity to reduce inappropriate laboratory testing. Objectives and Methods To reduce inappropriate testing of vitamin D at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, a CDS assigned providers to receive or not receive an electronic alert each time a 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay was ordered for an adult patient unless the order was associated with a diagnosis in the patient's chart for which vitamin D testing is recommended. The CDS ran for 80 days, collecting data on number of tests, provider information, and basic patient demographics. Results During the 80 days, providers placed 12,368 orders for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The intervention group ordered a vitamin D assay and received the alert for potentially inappropriate testing 2,181 times and completed the 25-hydroxyvitamin D order in 89.9% of encounters, while the control group ordered a vitamin D assay (without receiving an alert) 2,032 times and completed the order in 98.1% of encounters, for an absolute reduction of testing of 8% (p < 0.001). Conclusion This CDS reduced vitamin D ordering by utilizing a soft-stop approach. At a charge of $179.00 per test and a cost to the laboratory of $4.20 per test, each display of the alert led to an average reduction of $14.70 in charges and of $0.34 in spending by the laboratory (the savings/alert ratio). By describing the effectiveness of an electronic alert in terms of the savings/alert ratio, the impact of this intervention can be better appreciated and compared with other interventions.

scholarly journals Nematic topological defects positionally controlled by geometry and external fields

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlo Kurioz ◽  
Marko Kralj ◽  
Bryce S Murray ◽  
Charles Rosenblatt ◽  
Samo Kralj
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Topological Charge ◽  
Order Parameter ◽  
Topological Defects ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
External Fields ◽  
Nematic Ordering ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
A Charge ◽  
The Impact

Using a Landau–de Gennes approach, we study the impact of confinement topology, geometry and external fields on the spatial positioning of nematic topological defects (TDs). In quasi two-dimensional systems we demonstrate that a confinement-enforced total topological charge of m > 1/2 decays into elementary TDs bearing a charge of m = 1/2. These assemble close to the bounding substrate to enable essentially bulk-like uniform nematic ordering in the central part of a system. This effect is reminiscent of the Faraday cavity phenomenon in electrostatics. We observe that in certain confinement geometries, varying the correlation length size of the order parameter could trigger a global rotation of an assembly of TDs. Finally, we show that an external electric field could be used to drag the boojum fingertip towards the interior of the confinement cell. Assemblies of TDs could be exploited as traps for appropriate nanoparticles, opening several opportunities for the development of functional nanodevices.

A Charge Storage Based Enhancement Mode AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor

2018 ◽  
Vol 913 ◽  
pp. 870-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Ling Li Jiang ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Hong Yu Yu ◽  
Xin Peng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Mobility ◽  
Gate Dielectric ◽  
High Electron Mobility Transistor ◽  
Charge Storage ◽  
High Electron ◽  
High Electron Mobility ◽  
Charge Trap ◽  
Enhancement Mode ◽  
A Charge ◽  
The Impact

In this work, a charge storage based enhancement mode (E-mode) AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is proposed and studied. A stacked gate dielectrics, consisting of a tunnel oxide, a charge trap layer and a blocking oxide are applied in the HEMT structure. The E-mode can be realized by negative charge storage within the charge trap layer during the programming process. The impact of the programming condition and the thickness of the dielectrics on the threshold voltage (Vth) are simulated systematically. It is found that the Vth increases with the increasing programming voltage and time due to the increase of the storage charge. Under proper programming condition, the Vth can be increased to more than 2 V. Moreover, It is also found that the Vth increases with the decrease of the thickness of the dielectrics. In addition, it is found that the breakdown voltage of such HEMT can be adjusted by varying the gate dielectric stacks.

scholarly journals Modeling of the impact of a shock wave on port infrastructure facilities

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
А.В. Фадеев
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Particle Method ◽  
Point Explosion ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Port Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Факты возникновения аварийных и катастрофических состояний портовой инфраструктуры при погрузке (выгрузке) взрывчатых веществ свидетельствуют о наличии проблемы связанной с построением системы обеспечения безопасности при грузовых операциях и мест их складирования. Неправильно выбранные: место, техническое сопровождение и организация погрузки взрывчатых веществ, в определенных условиях становятся причинами возникновения катастрофических ситуаций разного уровня опасности. При моделировании ситуаций рассматривается использование метода крупных частиц и теории точечного взрыва при воздействии ударной волны на объекты портовой инфраструктуры. Математическая модель метода заключается в разделении по физическим процессам исходной нестационарной системы уравнений Эйлера, записанной в форме законов сохранения. Процесс вычислений состоит из многократных итераций, каждая из которых содержит три этапа. Основанием для разработки программы является необходимость компьютерного моделирования процесса возникновения и развития ударной волны в условиях сложного рельефа местности, вызванной подрывом заряда конденсированного взрывчатого вещества. Автор считает, что такой подход существенно улучшит скорость и качество оценки безопасности выбранной системы погрузки (выгрузки) взрывоопасных и взрывчатых веществ, потенциальных рисков возникновения различных катастрофических состояний, и прогноза сценария их развития. The facts of the occurrence of emergency and catastrophic conditions of the port infrastructure during the loading (unloading) of explosives indicate the existence of a problem associated with the construction of a security system for cargo operations and their storage locations. Incorrectly chosen: location, technical support and organization of loading of explosives, under certain conditions, become the causes of catastrophic situations of different levels of danger. When modeling situations, the use of the large particle method and the theory of a point explosion under the impact of a shock wave on port infrastructure facilities is considered. The mathematical model of the method consists in the separation by physical processes of the initial non-stationary system of Euler equations, written in the form of conservation laws. The calculation process consists of multiple iterations, each of which contains three stages. The basis for the development of the program is the need for computer modeling of the process of the occurrence and development of a shock wave in a complex terrain caused by the detonation of a charge of a condensed explosive. The author believes that such an approach will significantly improve the speed and quality of the safety assessment of the selected system of loading (unloading) of explosive and explosive substances, the potential risks of various catastrophic conditions, and the forecast of their development scenario.

scholarly journals Humidity effects on the detection of soluble and insoluble nanoparticles in butanol operated condensation particle counters

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3659-3671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Tauber ◽  
Sophia Brilke ◽  
Peter Josef Wlasits ◽  
Paulus Salomon Bauer ◽  
Gerald Köberl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Expansion Chamber ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Neutral Particles ◽  
Charge Dependence ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Humidity Dependence ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In this study the impact of humidity on heterogeneous nucleation of n-butanol onto hygroscopic and nonabsorbent charged and neutral particles was investigated using a fast expansion chamber and commercial continuous flow type condensation particle counters (CPCs). More specifically, we measured the activation probability of sodium chloride (NaCl) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles by using n-butanol as condensing liquid with the size analyzing nuclei counter (SANC). In addition, the cutoff diameters of regular butanol-based CPCs for both seed materials under different charging states were measured and compared to SANC results. Our findings reveal a strong humidity dependence of NaCl particles in the sub-10 nm size range since the activation of sodium chloride seeds is enhanced with increasing relative humidity. In addition, negatively charged NaCl particles with a diameter below 3.5 nm reveal a charge-enhanced activation. For Ag seeds this humidity and charge dependence was not observed, underlining the importance of molecular interactions between seed and vapor molecules. Consequently, the cutoff diameter of a butanol-based CPC can be reduced significantly by increasing the relative humidity. This finding suggests that cutoff diameters of butanol CPCs under ambient conditions are likely smaller than corresponding cutoff diameters measured under clean (dry) laboratory conditions. At the same time, we caution that the humidity dependence may lead to wrong interpretations if the aerosol composition is not known.

The Impact of the Sub-circuits Parameters on the Efficiency of a Charge Pump

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ionelia-Bianca Brezeanu ◽  
Catalin Botezatu ◽  
Alexandru Vasile ◽  
Gheorghe Brezeanu
Keyword(s):  
Charge Pump ◽  
A Charge ◽  
The Impact
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