Parental income pooling on educational expenses: Evidence from Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schürz
Keyword(s):  
Parental Income ◽  
Income Pooling

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequalities in children’s weight, height and BMI trajectories in Norway

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teferi Mekonnen ◽  
Eleni Papadopoulou ◽  
Onyebuchi A. Arah ◽  
Anne Lise Brantsæter ◽  
Nanna Lien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
Educational Differences ◽  
Bmi Trajectories ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Weight Velocity

AbstractStudies exploring when social inequalities in body mass index (BMI) and its composites emerge and how these evolve with age are limited. Thus, this study explored parental income and education related inequalities in children’s weight, height, weight velocity and body mass index among Norwegian children from 1 month to 8 years. The study population included 59,927 family/children pairs participating in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. Growth was modelled using the Jenss–Bayley model and linear mixed effects analyses were conducted. Maternal and paternal educational differences in children’s weight and BMI trajectories emerged during infancy, continuing to age 8 years. Parental income-related inequalities in children’s weight were observed from the age of 1 month to 4 years for maternal and up to 1 year for paternal income-related differences but then disappeared. Parental income-related inequalities in child’s BMI were observed from 18 months to 8 years for maternal income, and from 9 months to 8 years for paternal income-related differences. These results suggest that social inequalities in children’s BMI present early in infancy and continue to 8 years of age. The inequalities sometimes differed by indicator of socioeconomic position used. Interventions to combat these inequalities early in life are, thus needed.

Tests of Income Pooling on Household Budget Data: The Australian Evidence

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Lancaster ◽  
Ranjan Ray
Keyword(s):  
Income Pooling ◽  
Household Budget

scholarly journals Investment, Stress or Neighborhood - The Underlying Mechanisms of Competence Disparities by Parents’ Financial Resources among Pre-schoolers in Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jascha Dräger ◽  
Klaus Pforr
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Family Stress ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Family Stress Model ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
The Family ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Children growing up in households with few financial resources lag behind in cognitive development already before they enter school. In this paper, we make three contributions to enhance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these disparities: First, we investigate which processes drive social disparities in competences by parents’ financial resources among pre-schoolers in Germany. We consider the family investment model, the family stress model, neighborhood effects, childcare arrangements, and educational norms. Second, we evaluate whether there are differences by parental net worth, too, and whether these are mediated by the same factors as parental income. Third, we extend the existing literature by explicitly modeling the interrelations between the different mediators. We find substantial differences in children’s math, science, and PPVT test scores by both, parental income and net worth. These differences mostly occur at the lower end of the respective distributions. The indirect effects through all mediators together account for around one-third of the differences by parental income, but at most one-sixth of differences by parental net worth. Parents’ investment is by far the most important mediator, followed by neighborhood effects. Family stress, pro-educational norms, and childcare arrangements play only a minor role. Furthermore, we find important interrelations between the mediators, especially for parents’ educational norms. Yet, these interrelations hardly affect the contribution of the different mediators.

scholarly journals Parental income as a marker for socioeconomic position during childhood and later risk of developing a secondary care-diagnosed mental disorder examined across the full diagnostic spectrum: a national cohort study

BMC Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hakulinen ◽  
Pearl L. H. Mok ◽  
Henriette Thisted Horsdal ◽  
Carsten B. Pedersen ◽  
Preben B. Mortensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Secondary Care ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Socioeconomic Mobility ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Subsequent Risk

Abstract Background Links between parental socioeconomic position during childhood and subsequent risks of developing mental disorders have rarely been examined across the diagnostic spectrum. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of parental income level, including income mobility, during childhood and risks for developing mental disorders diagnosed in secondary care in young adulthood. Methods National cohort study of persons born in Denmark 1980–2000 (N = 1,051,265). Parental income was measured during birth year and at ages 5, 10 and 15. Follow-up began from 15th birthday until mental disorder diagnosis or 31 December 2016, whichever occurred first. Hazard ratios and cumulative incidence were estimated. Results A quarter (25.2%; 95% CI 24.8–25.6%) of children born in the lowest income quintile families will have a secondary care-diagnosed mental disorder by age 37, versus 13.5% (13.2–13.9%) of those born in the highest income quintile. Longer time spent living in low-income families was associated with higher risks of developing mental disorders. Associations were strongest for substance misuse and personality disorders and weaker for mood disorders and anxiety/somatoform disorders. An exception was eating disorders, with low parental income being associated with attenuated risk. For all diagnostic categories examined except for eating disorders, downward socioeconomic mobility was linked with higher subsequent risk and upward socioeconomic mobility with lower subsequent risk of developing mental disorders. Conclusions Except for eating disorders, low parental income during childhood is associated with subsequent increased risk of mental disorders diagnosed in secondary care across the diagnostic spectrum. Early interventions to mitigate the disadvantages linked with low income, and better opportunities for upward socioeconomic mobility could reduce social and mental health inequalities.

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