scholarly journals US State Fiscal Policy and Natural Resources

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander James
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
State Level ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Level Data ◽  
State Fiscal Policy

An analytical framework predicts that, in response to an exogenous increase in resource-based government revenue, a benevolent government will partially substitute away from taxing income, increase spending and save. Fifty-one years of US-state level data are largely consistent with this theory. A baseline fixed effects model predicts that a $1.00 increase in resource revenue results in a $0.25 decrease in nonresource revenue, a $0.43 increase in spending and a $0.32 increase in savings. Instrumenting for resource revenue reveals that a positive revenue shock is largely saved and the rest is transferred back to residents in the form of lower nonresource tax rates. (JEL H71, H72, H76, Q38, R11)

scholarly journals Managing Annual Accounting Reports to Avoid State Taxes: An Analysis of Property-Casualty Insurers

1999 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy R. Petroni ◽  
Douglas A. Shackelford
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
State Level ◽  
Income Shifting ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
State Tax ◽  
Total State ◽  
State Taxes ◽  
Accounting Reports

We hypothesize that, in their annual accounting reports, propertycasualty insurers allocate premiums from multistate policies to reduce total state taxes. To test this prediction, we exploit the industry's unique state tax disclosures. We examine firm-level data, collected from the publicly available, statutory reports filed with each state government. Reported premiums at the insurer-state level, scaled by incurred losses, are regressed on state tax measures. Consistent with tax-motivated income shifting, we find the premiumloss ratio is decreasing in state tax rates. The negative relation is greatest for insurers specializing in multistate lines of business.

scholarly journals Retracted: Analysis of the Strength of Legal Firearms Restrictions for Perpetrators of Domestic Violence and Their Associations With Intimate Partner Homicide

2017 ◽  
Vol 187 (7) ◽  
pp. 1449-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
April M Zeoli ◽  
Alexander McCourt ◽  
Shani Buggs ◽  
Shannon Frattaroli ◽  
David Lilley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
State Level ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Restraining Order ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Firearms Restrictions

Abstract In this research, we estimate the association of firearm restrictions for domestic violence offenders with intimate partner homicides (IPHs) on the basis of the strength of the policies. We posit that the association of firearm laws with IPHs depends on the following characteristics of the laws: 1) breadth of coverage of high-risk individuals and situations restricted; 2) power to compel firearm surrender or removal from persons prohibited from having firearms; and 3) systems of accountability that prevent those prohibited from doing so from obtaining guns. We conducted a quantitative policy evaluation using annual state-level data from 1980 through 2013 for 45 US states. Based on the results of a series of robust, negative binomial regression models with state fixed effects, domestic violence restraining order firearm-prohibition laws are associated with 10% reductions in IPH. Statistically significant protective associations were evident only when restraining order prohibitions covered dating partners (−11%) and ex parte orders (−12%). Laws prohibiting access to those convicted of nonspecific violent misdemeanors were associated with a 24% reduction in IPH rates; there was no association when prohibitions were limited to domestic violence. Permit-to-purchase laws were associated with 10% reductions in IPHs. These findings should inform policymakers considering laws to maximize protections against IPH.

Can Health Insurance Reduce School Absenteeism?

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 696-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Yeung ◽  
Bradley Gunton ◽  
Dylan Kalbacher ◽  
Jed Seltzer ◽  
Hannah Wesolowski
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
State Level ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Daily Attendance ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Average Daily Attendance

Enacted in 1997, the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) represented the largest expansion of U.S. public health care coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid 32 years earlier. Although the program has recently been reauthorized, there remains a considerable lack of thorough and well-designed evaluations of the program. In this study, we use school attendance as a measure of the program’s impact. Utilizing state-level data and the use of fixed-effects regression techniques, we conclude that SCHIP has had a positive and significant effect on state average daily attendance rates, as measured by both SCHIP participation and eligibility rates. The results support the renewal and expansion of the program.

scholarly journals Opioid Prescribing Laws Are Not Associated with Short-term Declines in Prescription Opioid Distribution

Pain Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey S Davis ◽  
Brian J Piper ◽  
Alex K Gertner ◽  
Jason S Rotter
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
State Level ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Treatment Access ◽  
Opioid Prescription ◽  
Opioid Prescribing ◽  
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Total Prescription

Abstract Objective To determine whether the adoption of laws that limit opioid prescribing or dispensing is associated with changes in the volume of opioids distributed in states. Methods State-level data on total prescription opioid distribution for 2015–2017 were obtained from the US Drug Enforcement Administration. We included in our analysis states that enacted an opioid prescribing law in either 2016 or 2017. We used as control states those that did not have an opioid prescribing law during the study period. To avoid confounding, we excluded from our analysis states that enacted or modified mandates to use prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) during the study period. To estimate the effect of opioid prescription laws on opioid distribution, we ran ordinary least squares models with indicators for whether an opioid prescription law was in effect in a state-quarter. We included state and quarter fixed effects to control for time trends and time-invariant differences between states. Results With the exception of methadone and buprenorphine, the amount of opioids distributed in states fell during the study period. The adoption of opioid prescribing laws was not associated with additional decreases in opioids distributed. Conclusions We did not detect an association between adoption of opioid prescribing laws and opioids distributed. States may instead wish to pursue evidence-based efforts to reduce opioid-related harm, with a particular focus on treatment access and harm reduction interventions.

Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-Level Analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 48 (03) ◽  
pp. 157-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Holmes ◽  
Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres ◽  
Kevin M. Curtin
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
National Level ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Analysis

Abstract Observers say that drug production fuels violence in Colombia, but does coca production explain different levels of violence? This article examines the relationship between coca production and guerrilla violence by reviewing national-level data over time and studying Colombia by department, exploring the interactions among guerrilla violence, exports, development, and displacement. It uses historical analysis, cartographic visualization, and analysis of the trends in four high coca-producing and four violent Colombian departments, along with a department-level fixed effects model. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the department-level analysis suggests that coca production is not the driving force of contemporary Colombian guerrilla violence. Instead, economic factors and coca eradication emerge as prominent explanatory factors.

scholarly journals The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Foreign Direct Investment Inflows: A Study of India and Select Asian Economies

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niti Bhasin
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Dummy Variables ◽  
Principle Component Regression ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Model Approach

While the role of taxation in influencing FDI has received considerable attention in literature, there has been very less work on examining the role of fiscal policy as a whole on FDI inflows. The dimension of fiscal policy that relates to the expenditure of the government has not received much attention in terms of its impact on FDI. This study would attempt to bridge the gap in literature by examining the impact of both the revenue and expenditure side of fiscal policy on FDI inflows in India and other select economies of the Asian region. The paper identifies the determinants of FDI flows with special reference to fiscal policy variables, namely tax treaties and developmental expenditure of the government. With the help of principle component regression, we have estimated a panel equation with the Least Squared Dummy Variables (fixed effects model) approach. The determinants which have emerged as significant are FDI openness and infrastructure. Our variables of interest, that is, the fiscal policy variables turn out to be insignificant. Thus while a competitive fiscal policy may facilitate operations of business, it is still not a prime consideration in investment decisions.

scholarly journals Applied Comparison of Meta-analysis Techniques

10.36469/9848 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Colin Lewis-Beck ◽  
Elyse Fritschel ◽  
Erdem Baser ◽  
Onur Baser
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Treatment Comparisons ◽  
Analysis Models

Background: Meta-analysis is an approach that combines findings from similar studies. The aggregation of study level data can provide precise estimates for outcomes of interest, allow for unique treatment comparisons, and explain the differences arising from conflicting study results. Proper meta-analysis includes five basic steps: identify relevant studies; extract summary data from each paper; compute study effect sizes, perform statistical analysis; and interpret and report the results. Objectives: This study aims to review meta-analysis methods and their assumptions, apply various meta-techniques to empirical data, and compare the results from each method. Methods: Three different meta-analysis techniques were applied to a dataset looking at the effects of the bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine on tuberculosis (TB). First, a fixed-effects model was applied; then a random-effects model; and third meta-regression with study-level covariates were added to the model. Overall and stratified results, by geographic latitude were reported. Results: All three techniques showed a statistically significant effects from the vaccination. However, once covariates were added, efficacy diminished. Independent variables, such as the latitude of the location in which the study was performed, appeared to be partially driving the results. Conclusions: Meta-analysis is useful for drawing general conclusions from a variety of studies. However, proper study and model selection are important to ensure the correct interpretation of results. Basic meta-analysis models are fixed-effects, random-effects, and meta-regression.

scholarly journals FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI SUMATERA UTARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elly Suharyadi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Fixed Capital ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Nonsignificant Effect

The results from the fixed effects model analysis show that the natural resources,gross fixed capital formation, and technology have a significant and positive effectsimultaneously on economic growth in North Sumatra. While labor has a nonsignificant effect on economic growth in North Sumatra. Effect of natural resources, gross fixed capital formation, and technology on economic growth is inelastic and shows a diminishing return for the all the sources of growth. The largest source of economic growth that affects economic growth in North Sumatra is gross fixed capital formation by 0.497 and the largest increase in economic growth due to changes in the sources of economic growth is Pematangsiantar by 5,235 percent, while the smallest is Tanjungbalai City by 2,234 percent.

UNEMPLOYMENT PERSISTENCE AND QUANTILE PARAMETER HETEROGENEITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1298-1320
Author(s):  
Corrado Andini ◽  
Monica Andini
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Natural Rate ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Parameter Heterogeneity ◽  
State Unemployment ◽  
Unemployment Persistence

We argue that a random-coefficients representation of the classical Barro's model of unemployment dynamics can be used as a theoretical basis for a panel quantile autoregressive model of the unemployment rate. Estimating the latter with State-level data for the United States (1980–2010), we find that (i) unemployment persistence increases along quantiles of the conditional unemployment distribution; (ii) disregarding State-fixed effects implies an overestimation of unemployment persistence along unemployment quantiles; (iii) a macroeconomic shock changes not only the location but also the dispersion of the distribution of the State unemployment rates; (iv) a federal policy equally applied in each State can reduce unemployment inequality among States; (v) “hysteresis” and “natural rate” hypotheses can co-exist along quantiles of the unemployment distribution, with the former being not rejected at upper quantiles. In sum, while the standard approach to the estimation of unemployment persistence implicitly assumes that quantile parameter heterogeneity does not matter, we suggest that it does.

Are Paraprofessionals Being Hired to Replace Special Educators? A Study of Paraprofessional Employment

2021 ◽  
pp. 001440292110625
Author(s):  
Tiffany L. Fisher ◽  
Paul T. Sindelar ◽  
Dennis Kramer ◽  
Elizabeth Bettini
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
General Education ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
State Level ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Special Education Teacher ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Education Teacher ◽  
Educational Placements

Special education teacher employment began to decline in 2006, concurrent with increased paraprofessional employment. At the same time, the prevalence of students with disabilities in several categories changed substantially, and the proportion of students being served in general education settings increased as well. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the decline in special education teacher employment was related to increased paraprofessional employment, and if the increase in paraprofessional employment was related to shifts in the composition of students with disabilities, educational placements, or more general state-level factors. We created a panel dataset for 2006–2015 and analyzed these relationships using a two-way fixed effects model. We found that, although changes in paraprofessional employment were unrelated to changes in special educator employment, they were related to changes in the prevalence of students with autism spectrum disorder. In addition, states with larger populations and higher K12 expenditures employed more paraprofessionals.

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