Does Vertical Integration Decrease Prices? Evidence from the Paramount Antitrust Case of 1948

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricard Gil
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Double Marginalization ◽  
Antitrust Case ◽  
Ticket Prices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unique Dataset

I empirically examine the impact of the 1948 Paramount antitrust case on ticket prices using a unique dataset collected from Variety magazine issues between 1945 and 1955. With information on prices, revenues, and theater ownership for an unbalanced panel of 393 theaters in 26 cities, I find that vertically integrated theaters charged lower prices and sold more admission tickets than nonintegrated theaters. I also find that the rate at which prices increased in theaters was slower while integrated than after vertical divestiture. These findings together with institutional details are consistent with the prediction that vertical integration lowers prices through the elimination of double marginalization. (JEL G34, K21, L11, L22, L42, L82)

The Impact of Structural Reforms and Regulations on the Demand Side in the Railway Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Fumitoshi Mizutani
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Structural Reform ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Public Ownership ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Passenger Demand ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The main purpose of this study is to evaluate factors affecting passenger rail demand, with special attention to the effects of structural reform/regulation and competition. In order to do this, we use data obtained from 30 OECD countries for the 24 years from 1990 to 2013. As structural reform/regulation and competition variables, we take the OECD’s five kinds of regulatory indices: (i) overall, (ii) entry, (iii) public ownership, (iv) vertical integration, and (v) market structure; and for competition variables, we take (vi) rail passenger-freight ratio, (vii) rail share, and (viii) high-speed train ratio. As estimation methods, both the fixed effect model and the Hausman-Taylor estimation model are used. The major findings are as follows. First, competition as competitiveness (i.e. the share of rail, passenger over freight ratio) increases passenger demand. And the existence of high-speed trains increases passenger demand. Second, overall, entry regulation, and market structure have no significant effect on demand. Third, public ownership affects passenger demand positively. Last, vertical integration reduces passenger demand.

Analyzing the post-harvest supply chain enablers of vertical integration for rural employability and marketability

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Priyadarshi ◽  
Srikanta Routroy ◽  
Girish Kant
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Value Addition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze the post-harvest supply chain enablers (PHSCEs) for vertical integration to enhance rural employability, farmer profitability and rural produce marketability (i.e. market prospects) in the post-harvest supply chain (PHSC). The impact of vertical integration is also explored for various commercial produces. Design/methodology/approach A structural equation modeling (SEM) of PHSCEs for vertical integration was developed to enhance market prospects, rural employability and farmer profitability. The impact of business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-customer market prospects are explored in various dimensions for stakeholders such as farmers, manufacturers (processors), distributors and retailers. The fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (F-TOPSIS) was used to prioritize these PHSCEs to improve market prospects and rural employability. Findings The PHSCEs are clustered into three groups, namely, initiatives at the strategic frontier, initiatives at the tactical frontier and concerns for rural employability via vertical integration using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and SEM to prove the null hypothesis. With F-TOPSIS results, the availability of warehousing was found to be the most crucial enabler when observing the PHSCEs from the initiatives’ perspective. The technology adaptability and availability, institute for training and research and information infrastructure and information visibility were found to be the key PHSCEs when observed from PHSC stakeholders’ perspectives. Research limitations/implications The implementation of this study will improve the rural produce marketability, rural employability, B2B marketing (i.e. effective distribution) and subsequent value chains with the practice of vertical integration for fresh produce at the rural level. Practical implications The outcomes of this study have a key role in developing the rural regions and improving rural livelihoods via value addition. The awareness of commercial cultivation and value addition in rural areas needs to be improved. This will help farmers to earn better revenues with improved market prospects in comparison to the revenues obtained from the cultivation of staple/conventional crops. Originality/value In an era of cold chains and food processing, this study aims to disseminate awareness about value addition for commercial and fresh produces at the rural level. The implication of this study will improve rural produce marketability, rural employability and farmer profitability at the rural level with the level of vertical integration.

scholarly journals The Impact of Dropsonde and Extra Radiosonde Observations during NAWDEX in Autumn 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 809-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Schindler ◽  
Martin Weissmann ◽  
Andreas Schäfler ◽  
Gabor Radnoti
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Forecast Error ◽  
The North ◽  
Impact Experiment ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Northern Atlantic ◽  
Intensive Observation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unique Dataset

Abstract Dropsonde observations from three research aircraft in the North Atlantic region, as well as several hundred additionally launched radiosondes over Canada and Europe, were collected during the international North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment (NAWDEX) in autumn 2016. In addition, over 1000 dropsondes were deployed during NOAA’s Sensing Hazards with Operational Unmanned Technology (SHOUT) and Reconnaissance missions in the west Atlantic basin, supplementing the conventional observing network for several intensive observation periods. This unique dataset was assimilated within the framework of cycled data denial experiments for a 1-month period performed with the global model of the ECMWF. Results show a slightly reduced mean forecast error (1%–3%) over the northern Atlantic and Europe by assimilating these additional observations, with the most prominent error reductions being linked to Tropical Storm Karl, Cyclones Matthew and Nicole, and their subsequent interaction with the midlatitude waveguide. The evaluation of Forecast Sensitivity to Observation Impact (FSOI) indicates that the largest impact is due to dropsondes near tropical storms and cyclones, followed by dropsondes over the northern Atlantic and additional Canadian radiosondes. Additional radiosondes over Europe showed a comparatively small beneficial impact.

scholarly journals The Impact of High-Speed Railways on Unequal Accessibility Based on Ticket Prices in Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6302
Author(s):  
Kyungtaek Kim ◽  
Junghoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
High Speed ◽  
National Level ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Time Value ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Ticket Prices ◽  
The Impact

The high-speed railway (HSR) has affected accessibility at diverse spatial levels. Although previous studies have examined HSR impacts on accessibility and inequality, the price attribute in estimating accessibility is less noted. This study evaluates the effects of HSR on unequal accessibility at the South Korean national level, capital and non-capital regions and according to urban population sizes by comparing ticket prices to time values. There are two major conclusions of this study. First, an increase in time value through national growth or other exogenous conditions maximizes HSR impact and, thus, increases accessibility. For example, when the time value is 9.98 USD/h, the national HSR access inequality is reduced by 0.56%. However, when the time value is 6.02 USD/h, the reduction in the national inequality by the HSR is 0.19%. Second, if considering generalized travel time, HSR impact is maximized in medium cities rather than in large cities. When the time value is 6.02 USD/h (or 9.98 USD/h), the change in inequality between cities is −0.4% (−1.29%) in medium cities, while large cities show a −0.08% (−0.9%) reduction in access inequality.

scholarly journals The End of Court-Ordered Desegregation

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Private School ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
The South ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Supreme Court Rulings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unique Dataset

In response to three Supreme Court rulings in the early 1990s, numerous court-ordered desegregation plans have been terminated. Using a unique dataset and an event study research design, this paper explores the impact of these terminations. The results suggest that termination produces a moderate increase in racial segregation. Outside of the south, dismissal also increases the rate at which black students drop out of school and attend private school. In the south, in contrast, there is no change in the school attendance patterns of blacks. Finally, evidence is presented that whites re-enter dismissed districts in large numbers in the south. (JEL H75, I21, I28, J15, K10)

scholarly journals Do Vertical Mergers Facilitate Upstream Collusion?

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1321-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Nocke ◽  
Lucy White
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Repeated Game ◽  
Punishment Phase ◽  
Vertical Mergers ◽  
The Impact

We investigate the impact of vertical mergers on upstream firms' ability to collude when selling to downstream firms in a repeated game. We show that vertical mergers give rise to an outlets effect: the deviation profits of cheating unintegrated firms are reduced as these firms can no longer profitably sell to the downstream affiliates of their integrated rivals. Vertical mergers also result in an opposing punishment effect: integrated firms typically make more profit in the punishment phase than unintegrated upstream firms. The net result of these effects in an unintegrated industry is to facilitate upstream collusion. We provide conditions under which further vertical integration also facilitates collusion. (JEL D43, G34, L12, L13)

scholarly journals Is It Working? An Impact Evaluation of the German “Women Professors Program”

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Andrea Löther
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Women Professors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Science And Research ◽  
Unique Dataset

The Women Professors Program, which was initiated in Germany in 2008, aims to increase the proportion of women professors and to promote structural change in favour of gender equality at higher education institutions (HEIs). It is one of the central gender equality policies in higher education in Germany. The present study evaluates the impact of the program by estimating its causal effects on the proportion of women professors. By adopting a quasi-experimental approach and using a unique dataset—a long term census of German HEIs—the study proves that the proportion of women professors increased more than would have been expected in the absence of the program. Although the evaluation includes preliminary estimates of mechanisms driving the described impacts, the integration of context factors and mechanisms into the assessment of the impact of gender equality policies remains a desideratum. The study shows that the program is working, and it contributes to redressing the lack of impact studies on gender equality in science and research.

Integrating primary care and cancer care in survivorship: A collaborative approach.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 103-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sussman ◽  
Mary L McBride ◽  
Jeffrey Sisler ◽  
Grace Kim ◽  
Laura Game ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Collaborative Approach ◽  
Survivorship Care ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Clinical Integration ◽  
The Impact

103 Background: Primary care providers (PCPs) have an important role in the provision of survivorship care. While there is evidence to support the feasibility and safety of PCP-led survivorship care, there are gaps in knowledge about how to best integrate providers to support transitions, enhance quality of care, increase system efficiencies, and improve patient and provider satisfaction. Methods: A pan-Canadian study comprised of three projects has been initiated to address three key aspects of care integration, based on a previously described system performance framework. Functional integration will be studied through the evaluation of electronic survivorship care plans using a prospective cohort of breast and colorectal cancer patients with pre and post measures of knowledge, care coordination, and satisfaction. Vertical integration will be evaluated through a series of descriptive case studies to document structures and processes that are currently in place to support PCP re-referral to regional cancer centres. Clinical integration will be studied through the development and evaluation of an interspecialty survivorship training curriculum for oncology and family medicine trainees. Results: Functional integration: Development of an electronic platform for care plan outputs is complete. Two sites in Ontario (ON) and one in British Columbia (BC) have been selected to study the impact on 200 patients and their providers. Vertical integration: Using a study-specific interview guide, 48 semi-structured key informant interviews have been successfully conducted in ON; 15 interviews are planned for Manitoba (MB) and 15 for BC. Clinical Integration: a National Advisory Committee was established and needs assessments were performed with postgraduate program directors, cancer survivors, and trainees using online surveys and focus groups. A blended learning curriculum is being piloted in MB, ON, and BC in 2015. Conclusions: Integrating primary care and cancer care in survivorship requires a collaborative approach that begins in residency, supports PCPs with clear mechanisms for re-entry, and optimizes communication. This study will inform approaches to enhancing provider integration and survivorship care.

The Impact of Public Mass Transit on the Operating Income of Professional Sports Franchises in the United States: A Preliminary Analysis for the NFL, MLB, and NBA

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Cebula ◽  
Richard Austin ◽  
Kimberly Wildener ◽  
Willie J. Belton
Keyword(s):  
Professional Sports ◽  
Mass Transit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Excess Capacity ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Operating Income ◽  
Ticket Prices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Least Squares Estimates

This study finds that, due to the timing of games and excess capacity considerations regarding public mass transit, a more functional/usable mass transit system may benefit NFL franchise-operating income but may be nonbeneficial to NBA and MLB franchise incomes. The empirical results were obtained using ordinary least squares estimates for 1993 and allow for a variety of factors, including ticket prices, population size, win/loss records, and stadium/ arena size.

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