scholarly journals Intangibles, Investment, and Efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 426-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Crouzet ◽  
Janice Eberly
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Industry Concentration ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Business Concentration ◽  
Intangible Investment ◽  
Over Time

Recent work on macroeconomic trends has emphasized slowing capital investment, but strong business profits and valuations. The retail sector is a microcosm of these trends, and accounts for a large share of the increase in aggregate business concentration also observed in recent years. We show that, in that sector, weak investment and rising concentration are associated with rising productivity. Additionally, stronger productivity is correlated with intangible investment, both over time and across subindustries. Intangible investment may thus provide a joint explanation for rising productivity, weak capital investment, and increasing industry concentration.

Long-Run Effects in Dynamic Systems: New Tools for Cross-Lagged Panel Models

2021 ◽  
pp. 109442812199322
Author(s):  
Ali Shamsollahi ◽  
Michael J. Zyphur ◽  
Ozlem Ozkok
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Simulated Dataset ◽  
Impulse Responses ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Over Time

Cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) are common, but their applications often focus on “short-run” effects among temporally proximal observations. This addresses questions about how dynamic systems may immediately respond to interventions, but fails to show how systems evolve over longer timeframes. We explore three types of “long-run” effects in dynamic systems that extend recent work on “impulse responses,” which reflect potential long-run effects of one-time interventions. Going beyond these, we first treat evaluations of system (in)stability by testing for “permanent effects,” which are important because in unstable systems even a one-time intervention may have enduring effects. Second, we explore classic econometric long-run effects that show how dynamic systems may respond to interventions that are sustained over time. Third, we treat “accumulated responses” to model how systems may respond to repeated interventions over time. We illustrate tests of each long-run effect in a simulated dataset and we provide all materials online including user-friendly R code that automates estimating, testing, reporting, and plotting all effects (see https://doi.org/10.26188/13506861 ). We conclude by emphasizing the value of aligning specific longitudinal hypotheses with quantitative methods.

scholarly journals Historical Disparities and Gendered Citation Patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. M. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Citation Data ◽  
Science Methodology ◽  
Social Science Methodology ◽  
Over Time

In this comment on Dion, Sumner, and Mitchell’s article “Gendered Citation Patterns across Political Science and Social Science Methodology Fields,” I explore the role of changes in the disparities of citations to work written by women over time. Breaking down their citation data by era, I find that some of the patterns in citations are the result of the legacy of disparity in the field. Citations to more recent work come closer to matching the distribution of the gender of authors of published work. Although the need for more equitable practices of citation remains, the overall patterns are not quite as bad as Dion, Sumner, and Mitchell conclude.

“Go Work Over There and Come Do Something Here”

On the Move ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Garip
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Migrant Stream ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses a particular group that dominated the migrant stream from Mexico to the United States in 1965. The group contained a large share of men—many of them household heads who were married with children—from rural central-western communities in Mexico. Migrants in the group typically had little education, worked in agriculture in both Mexico and the United States, and took multiple trips of short duration. This group is referred to as circular migrants. Circular migrants declined both in absolute numbers and in relative size over time, accounting for less than 10 percent of new migrants by 2010. Circular migrants declined in numbers as incomes in Mexico rose, real wages in the United States fell, and the budget dedicated to securing the border grew exponentially between 1965 and 2010.

Monuments of the Hittite and Neo-Assyrian Empires During the Late Bronze and Iron Ages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Signaling Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Costly Signaling Theory ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 5 engages with the Hittite and Assyrian monuments that are some of our oldest as well as most spectacular evidence for communications. For his discussion, Osborne exploits two interpretative concepts, one that he terms “relationality,” and the other, known as “costly signaling theory,” imported from recent work in evolutionary anthropology. Relationality calls for reckoning with changes over time in how a monument communicates messages and how it is perceived; costly signaling theory serves to explain why some monuments communicate more effectively if they are large and expensive. Both concepts assist in analyzing the ideological content of the monumental royal sculptures that form Osborne’s focus.

Incremental word processing influences the evolution of phonotactic patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-248
Author(s):  
Andrew Wedel ◽  
Adam Ussishkin ◽  
Adam King
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Incremental Processing ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Phonetic Cues ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Phonological Rules

AbstractListeners incrementally process words as they hear them, progressively updating inferences about what word is intended as the phonetic signal unfolds in time. As a consequence, phonetic cues positioned early in the signal for a word are on average more informative about word-identity because they disambiguate the intended word from more lexical alternatives than cues late in the word. In this contribution, we review two new findings about structure in lexicons and phonological grammars, and argue that both arise through the same biases on phonetic reduction and enhancement resulting from incremental processing.(i) Languages optimize their lexicons over time with respect to the amount of signal allocated to words relative to their predictability: words that are on average less predictable in context tend to be longer, while those that are on average more predictable tend to be shorter. However, the fact that phonetic material earlier in the word plays a larger role in word identification suggests that languages should also optimize the distribution of that information across the word. In this contribution we review recent work on a range of different languages that supports this hypothesis: less frequent words are not only on average longer, but also contain more highly informative segments early in the word.(ii) All languages are characterized by phonological grammars of rules describing predictable modifications of pronunciation in context. Because speakers appear to pronounce informative phonetic cues more carefully than less informative cues, it has been predicted that languages should be less likely to evolve phonological rules that reduce lexical contrast at word beginnings. A recent investigation through a statistical analysis of a cross-linguistic dataset of phonological rules strongly supports this hypothesis. Taken together, we argue that these findings suggest that the incrementality of lexical processing has wide-ranging effects on the evolution of phonotactic patterns.

scholarly journals Comparing Dynamic Pies: A Strategy for Modeling Compositional Variables in Time and Space

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine S. Lipsmeyer ◽  
Andrew Q. Philips ◽  
Amanda Rutherford ◽  
Guy D. Whitten
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Contextual Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Us States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Over Time

Across a broad range of fields in political science, there are many theoretically interesting dependent variables that can be characterized as compositions. We build on recent work that has developed strategies for modeling variation in such variables over time by extending them to models of time series cross-sectional data. We discuss how researchers can incorporate the influence of contextual variables and spatial relationships into such models. To demonstrate the utility of our proposed strategies, we present a methodological illustration using an analysis of budgetary expenditures in the US states.

Consistency in the Midst of Change: Class and Value Stability in Poland, 1988‐2003

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton D. Peoples
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Time Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

AbstractPoland has undergone radical social change since 1989. Prior research shows that despite this change, the relationship between class and values in Poland remained stable through the early 1990s, and a similar pattern held in Ukraine as well. More recent work in Ukraine in the early 2000s suggests continuing stability in the class-values relationship, but we lack a similar update for Poland. This study examines Polish data 1988‐2003 and yields significant findings: There is considerable consistency in class and values in Poland into the early 2000s, both with regards to over-time stability in each as well as the relationship between the two. These findings add to mounting evidence concerning the strong, enduring impact of social structure on personality.

Reformed Religion, Regime Change, Scottish Whigs and the Struggle for the ‘Soul’ of Scotland, c.1688 – c.1788

2013 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Whatley
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Political History ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
South West ◽  
Consistent Support ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Revolution

This article responds to and is designed as a counterweight to recent work on political history in early-modern Scotland in which Jacobitism has been persuasively portrayed as a strongly supported movement over time rather than an episodic cause. Building upon recent research on the Union of 1707 which demonstrated the degree of principled and consistent support there was for closer union with England within a British polity, the paper seeks to show that there was a clearly identifiable ideological basis to anti-Jacobitism in Scotland. The term, however, is best understood as the Revolution or, even better, the Whig interest, not least as the principles upon which anti-Jacobitism were based pre-dated the Revolution of 1688–9 and the emergence of Jacobitism. The Revolution, it is argued, had many more supporters, and from a wider geographical area, than has generally been assumed in accounts which focus largely on the south west of Scotland. Support took various forms, ranging from prayer through public campaigning to the taking up of arms. It is also clear that support for Whig principles was not only long-standing but also grew over the period examined. What is underlined is that Scotland was a deeply fissured nation, the principal divide owing much but not everything to religion and differing perspectives on the nature of monarchical authority and the role of parliament.

scholarly journals Microwave Hydration Monitoring: System Assessment Using Fasting Volunteers

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 6949
Author(s):  
Brendon C. Besler ◽  
Elise C. Fear
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Microwave Frequency ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
System Assessment ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Hydration Assessment

Hydration is an important aspect of human health, as water is a critical nutrient used in many physiological processes. However, there is currently no clinical gold standard for non-invasively assessing hydration status. Recent work has suggested that permittivity in the microwave frequency range provides a physiologically meaningful metric for hydration monitoring. Using a simple time of flight technique for estimating permittivity, this study investigates microwave-based hydration assessment using a population of volunteers fasting during Ramadan. Volunteers are measured throughout the day while fasting during Ramadan and while not fasting after Ramadan. Comparing the estimated changes in permittivity to changes in weight and the time s fails to establish a clear relationship between permittivity and hydration. Assessing the subtle changes in hydration found in a population of sedentary, healthy adults proves difficult and more work is required to determine approaches suitable for tracking subtle changes in hydration over time with microwave-based hydration assessment techniques.

scholarly journals The impact of age on genetic risk for common diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xilin Jiang ◽  
Chris Holmes ◽  
Gil McVean
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Common Diseases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

AbstractInherited genetic variation contributes to individual risk for many complex diseases and is increasingly being used for predictive patient stratification. Recent work has shown that genetic factors are not equally relevant to human traits across age and other contexts, though the reasons for such variation are not clear. Here, we introduce methods to infer the form of the relationship between genetic risk for disease and age and to test whether all genetic risk factors behave similarly. We use a proportional hazards model within an interval-based censoring methodology to estimate age-varying individual variant contributions to genetic risk for 24 common diseases within the British ancestry subset of UK Biobank, applying a Bayesian clustering approach to group variants by their risk profile over age and permutation tests for age dependency and multiplicity of profiles. We find evidence for age-varying risk profiles in nine diseases, including hypertension, skin cancer, atherosclerotic heart disease, hypothyroidism and calculus of gallbladder, several of which show evidence, albeit weak, for multiple distinct profiles of genetic risk. The predominant pattern shows genetic risk factors having the greatest impact on risk of early disease, with a monotonic decrease over time, at least for the majority of variants although the magnitude and form of the decrease varies among diseases. We show that these patterns cannot be explained by a simple model involving the presence of unobserved covariates such as environmental factors. We discuss possible models that can explain our observations and the implications for genetic risk prediction.Author summaryThe genes we inherit from our parents influence our risk for almost all diseases, from cancer to severe infections. With the explosion of genomic technologies, we are now able to use an individual’s genome to make useful predictions about future disease risk. However, recent work has shown that the predictive value of genetic information varies by context, including age, sex and ethnicity. In this paper we introduce, validate and apply new statistical methods for investigating the relationship between age and genetic risk. These methods allow us to ask questions such as whether risk is constant over time, precisely how risk changes over time and whether all genetic risk factors have similar age profiles. By applying the methods to data from the UK Biobank, a prospective study of 500,000 people, we show that there is a tendency for genetic risk to decline with increasing age. We consider a series of possible explanations for the observation and conclude that there must be processes acting that we are currently unaware of, such as distinct phases of life in which genetic risk manifests itself, or interactions between genes and the environment.

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