scholarly journals Wasteful Sanctions, Underperformance, and Endogenous Supervision

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Miller ◽  
Kareen Rozen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Performance ◽  
Optimal Contracts ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Optimal Contracting ◽  
Level Monitoring ◽  
Task Level

We study optimal contracting in team settings where agents have many opportunities to shirk, task-level monitoring is needed to provide useful incentives, and it is difficult to write individual performance into formal contracts. Incentives are provided informally, using wasteful sanctions like guilt and shame, or slowed promotion. These features give rise to optimal contracts with underperformance, forgiving sanctioning schemes, and endogenous supervision structures. Agents optimally take on more assigned tasks than they intend to complete, leading to the concentration of supervisory responsibility in the hands of one or two agents. (JEL D82, D86, J41, M12, M54)

scholarly journals Contracting with Heterogeneous Externalities

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Bernstein ◽  
Eyal Winter
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Contracts ◽  
Simple Measure ◽  
Optimal Contracting ◽  
Optimal Ranking

We model situations in which a principal offers contracts to a group of agents to participate in a project. Agents' benefits from participation depend on the identity of other participating agents. We assume heterogeneous externalities and characterize the optimal contracting scheme. We show that the optimal contracts' payoff relies on a ranking, which arise from a tournament among the agents. The optimal ranking cannot be achieved by a simple measure of popularity. Using the structure of the optimal contracts, we derive results on the principal's revenue extraction and the role of the level of externalities' asymmetry. (JEL D62, D82, D86)

Optimal Contracts for Health Services in the Presence of Waiting Times and Asymmetric Information

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Siciliani
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Excess Demand ◽  
Optimal Contracts ◽  
Optimal Contracting ◽  
Potential Demand ◽  
Pooling Equilibrium ◽  
Separating Equilibrium

Abstract This study presents a model of optimal contracting for health services in the presence of excess demand and waiting times. We assume that: i) hospitals differ in their demand for treatment; ii) potential demand is private information of the provider; iii) specialists can dump patients; iv) activity and waiting times are contractible. A separating equilibrium exists when it is optimal for the purchaser to contract more activity and longer waiting times to those hospitals with higher demand. Hospitals with low demand gain informational rents. A pooling equilibrium may also occur.

Factors Influencing Cognate Performance for Young Multilingual Children's Vocabulary: A Research Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2170-2188
Author(s):  
Lindsey R. Squires ◽  
Sara J. Ohlfest ◽  
Kristen E. Santoro ◽  
Jennifer L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Test Validity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Word Characteristics ◽  
Study Inclusion ◽  
Task Level

Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to determine evidence of a cognate effect for young multilingual children (ages 3;0–8;11 [years;months], preschool to second grade) in terms of task-level and child-level factors that may influence cognate performance. Cognates are pairs of vocabulary words that share meaning with similar phonology and/or orthography in more than one language, such as rose – rosa (English–Spanish) or carrot – carotte (English–French). Despite the cognate advantage noted with older bilingual children and bilingual adults, there has been no systematic examination of the cognate research in young multilingual children. Method We conducted searches of multiple electronic databases and hand-searched article bibliographies for studies that examined young multilingual children's performance with cognates based on study inclusion criteria aligned to the research questions. Results The review yielded 16 articles. The majority of the studies (12/16, 75%) demonstrated a positive cognate effect for young multilingual children (measured in higher accuracy, faster reaction times, and doublet translation equivalents on cognates as compared to noncognates). However, not all bilingual children demonstrated a cognate effect. Both task-level factors (cognate definition, type of cognate task, word characteristics) and child-level factors (level of bilingualism, age) appear to influence young bilingual children's performance on cognates. Conclusions Contrary to early 1990s research, current researchers suggest that even young multilingual children may demonstrate sensitivity to cognate vocabulary words. Given the limits in study quality, more high-quality research is needed, particularly to address test validity in cognate assessments, to develop appropriate cognate definitions for children, and to refine word-level features. Only one study included a brief instruction prior to assessment, warranting cognate treatment studies as an area of future need. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12753179

Optimalisasi Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Melalui Pendekatan Balance Scorecard Upaya Mengimplementasikan Performance Management System (PMS) Pada Perguruan Tinggi

CCIT Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Untung Rahardja ◽  
Muhamad Yusup Eva ◽  
Rosyifa Rosyifa
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Management System ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Performance Measurement System ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Successful Implementation

SQL Server Reporting Services is a way to analyze data, create reports using the indicators and gauges. Indicators are minimal gauges that convey the state of a single data value at a glance, and most are used to represent the state of Key Performance Indicators. Manage and harmonize the performance of an institution's educational institutions, especially universities with the performance of individuals or resources, no doubt is one of the essential elements for the success of an entity of the institution. Integrate the performance of an educational institution with individual performance is not an easy process, and therefore required a systematic approach to manage it. Implementation of a strategic management system based Balanced Scorecard can be used as a performance measurement system that will continuously monitor the successful implementation of the strategy of any public educational institution and measure the performance of its resources in a comprehensive and balanced, not the quantity but the emphasis is more concerned with the quality, so the performance of educational institutions at any time can be known clearly. Contribution of Key Performance Indicators to manage and harmonize the performance of any public institution is a solution in providing information to realize the extent of work that has set targets, identify and monitor measures of success, of course, with performance indicators show a clear, specific and measurable.

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