Kludged

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey C Ely
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Adaptation ◽  
Internal Process ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
To Come ◽  
Suboptimal Behavior ◽  
Fundamental Design

Is there reason to believe that our brains have evolved to make efficient decisions so that the details of the internal process are irrelevant? I develop a model which illustrates a limitation of adaptive processes: improvements tend to come in the form of kludges. A kludge is a marginal adaptation that compensates for, but does not eliminate, fundamental design inefficiencies. When kludges accumulate, the result can be perpetually suboptimal behavior even in a model of evolution in which arbitrarily large innovations occur infinitely, often with probability 1. (JEL D03, D87)

scholarly journals Comparison of Artificial Intelligence and Human Motivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 345-351
Author(s):  
Seoyeon Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Network Learning ◽  
Internal Process ◽  
Human Motivation ◽  
Network Learning ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
To Come

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, humans act according to their needs. Humans also act with an interest in the internal process itself, rather than solely based on external rewards. Artificial intelligence, on the other hand, is trained through a large amount of data and neural network learning. Unlike humans who are greatly affected by emotions and various circumstances, AI is neutral and objective. With no clear limitations and vast potential for development. AI has been receiving a lot of attention. Many futurists say AI will replace humans in areas that we, in the past, couldn’t imagine machines doing the work. However, there are still areas where AI cannot replace humans. Metacognition to judge one's thoughts and creativity, the power to come up with new ideas, still remains in human domains that artificial intelligence has not been able to enter. This paper explores the reinforcement of humans and AI and explores the original human realm. Furthermore, understanding the original human domain can suggest developing human competitiveness.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding in the first hour of birth: Science and skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 72-75
Author(s):  
Asha D. Benakappa
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Olfactory Cortex ◽  
Internal Process ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
To Come ◽  
Skin To Skin ◽  
Taste And Smell

Immediate and uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn should be facilitated soon after birth to initiate breastfeeding. It initiates the newborn infant’s internal process to go through nine instinctive steps (namely, crying, relaxation, awakening, activity, resting, crawling, familiarization, suckling, and sleeping). Skin-to-skin contact with the mother soon after birth contributes to an early coordination of five senses in the newborn, namely, sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. The oxytocin surge in the 1st h of birth makes mother to keep the infant close to her chest and also establishes chemical connection between the two. The colostrum odor increases the amount of oxygenated hemoglobin over the olfactory cortex in the newborn within 24 h of life. The skin-to-skin provides the initial colonization of the baby’s microbiome outside the mother. Finally, skin-to-skin contact not only improves the bonding between mother and the infant but also influences infant’s self-regulation in the years to come.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Scanning Electron Microscopy-cuticular Lesions on the Roundworm Ascaris Suum

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
P. A. Madden ◽  
W. R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Silver Paint ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scanning Electron

The intestinal roundworm of swine is pinkish in color and about the diameter of a lead pencil. Adult worms, taken from parasitized swine, frequently were observed with macroscopic lesions on their cuticule. Those possessing such lesions were rinsed in distilled water, and cylindrical segments of the affected areas were removed. Some of the segments were fixed in buffered formalin before freeze-drying; others were freeze-dried immediately. Initially, specimens were quenched in liquid freon followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen. They were then placed in ampuoles in a freezer at −45C and sublimated by vacuum until dry. After the specimens appeared dry, the freezer was allowed to come to room temperature slowly while the vacuum was maintained. The dried specimens were attached to metal pegs with conductive silver paint and placed in a vacuum evaporator on a rotating tilting stage. They were then coated by evaporating an alloy of 20% palladium and 80% gold to a thickness of approximately 300 A°. The specimens were examined by secondary electron emmission in a scanning electron microscope.

The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
C.K. Hou ◽  
C.T. Hu ◽  
Sanboh Lee
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Vacuum Degassing ◽  
Spherical Inclusions ◽  
Residual Aluminum ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fine Size ◽  
To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

Vascular adaptations to hypoxia: molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating vascular tone

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Paffett ◽  
Benjimen R. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 ◽  
Pulmonary Vasoconstriction ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Processes

Several molecular and cellular adaptive mechanisms to hypoxia exist within the vasculature. Many of these processes involve oxygen sensing which is transduced into mediators of vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation and vasodilation in the systemic circulation. A variety of oxygen-responsive pathways, such as HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor)-1 and HOs (haem oxygenases), contribute to the overall adaptive process during hypoxia and are currently an area of intense research. Generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) may also differentially regulate vascular tone in these circulations. Potential candidates underlying the divergent responses between the systemic and pulmonary circulations may include Nox (NADPH oxidase)-derived ROS and mitochondrial-derived ROS. In addition to alterations in ROS production governing vascular tone in the hypoxic setting, other vascular adaptations are likely to be involved. HPV (hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction) and CH (chronic hypoxia)-induced alterations in cellular proliferation, ionic conductances and changes in the contractile apparatus sensitivity to calcium, all occur as adaptive processes within the vasculature.

409 The likely numbers to come: trends in hospitalisation for heart failure in the ‘sample’ town of trieste and its region

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
D CHERSEVANI ◽  
A DILENARDA ◽  
P GOLIANI ◽  
M GRELLA ◽  
F BRUN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Its Region ◽  
To Come

Suicidal Behavior in Black South Africans

Crisis ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourens Schlebusch ◽  
Naseema B.M. Vawda ◽  
Brenda A. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
South African Society ◽  
South Africans ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Black South Africans ◽  
To Come

Summary: In the past suicidal behavior among Black South Africans has been largely underresearched. Earlier studies among the other main ethnic groups in the country showed suicidal behavior in those groups to be a serious problem. This article briefly reviews some of the more recent research on suicidal behavior in Black South Africans. The results indicate an apparent increase in suicidal behavior in this group. Several explanations are offered for the change in suicidal behavior in the reported clinical populations. This includes past difficulties for all South Africans to access health care facilities in the Apartheid (legal racial separation) era, and present difficulties of post-Apartheid transformation the South African society is undergoing, as the people struggle to come to terms with the deleterious effects of the former South African racial policies, related socio-cultural, socio-economic, and other pressures.

DySlExIa: Good News, More to Come!

1985 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-306
Author(s):  
Dennis F. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Good News ◽  
To Come
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