Disclosure to a Psychological Audience

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Lipnowski ◽  
Laurent Mathevet
Keyword(s):  
Information Policy ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Revelation Principle ◽  
Optimal Information ◽  
Optimal Reaction

We study how a benevolent expert should disclose information to an agent with psychological concerns. We first provide a method to compute an optimal information policy for many psychological traits. The method suggests, for instance, that an agent suffering from temptation à la Gul and Pesendorfer (2001) should not know what he is missing, thereby explaining observed biases as an optimal reaction to costly self-control. We also show that simply recommending actions is optimal when the agent is intrinsically averse to information but has instrumental uses for it. This result, which circumvents the failure of the Revelation Principle in psychological environments, simplifies disclosure and informs the debate regarding mandated disclosure. (JEL D11, D82, D83, D91)

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Testosterone and Self-Control Predict Compulsive Sexual Behavior Proneness in Young Males

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldine Rodríguez-Nieto ◽  
Marieke Dewitte ◽  
Alexander T. Sack ◽  
Teresa Schuhmann
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Compulsivity ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Sexual Inhibition ◽  
Compulsive Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Excitation ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Testosterone Levels

The ability to control sexual urges and impulses is essential to achieve individual and social harmony. Failing to regulate sexual behavior can lead to the interference with daily life goals, sexual diseases transmission and moral violations, among others. The dual control model of sexual response proposes that an imbalance between sexual excitation and sexual inhibition mechanisms may lead to sexual dysregulation, thereby explaining problematic sexual behavior. Interindividual differences in self-control and testosterone levels are likely to modulate sexual regulation mechanisms, but these individual features have scarcely been studied in the context of compulsive sexual behavior. This study investigated the role of sexual excitation and inhibition, self-control and testosterone levels in predicting individuals’ proneness to display compulsive sexual behavior. Seventy healthy young males provided a saliva sample for testosterone measurements and filled in questionnaires on self-control, sexual excitation, sexual inhibition, sexual compulsivity and sexual behavior. High testosterone levels and low self-control were associated with higher sexual compulsivity scores. Additionally, testosterone levels and sexual inhibition negatively predicted the frequency of sexual behavior with a partner. The results of our study highlight the joint role of psychological traits and testosterone levels in compulsive sexual behavior proneness, providing implications regarding the prevention and treatment of this condition in young males.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN STUDENTS OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Ye. V Abramenko
Keyword(s):  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Federal State ◽  
State Technical ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Educational Standard ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
Technical University ◽  
State Educational

The article arguesin favor of the formation of communicative competence in students of technical universities. In the competitive struggle for jobs, the candidate who hasthe skills of business communicationskills, professional self-presentation,and confident self-control, wins. Consequently, it is an important task of any technical university to form communicative competence in students while teaching humanities. This study treats communicative competenceas an indispensable skill and, therefore, holds the problem of teaching it urgent. Communicative competence is considered as the ability to effectively interact in a work team, to take into account personal psychological traits and cultural background of the partner in communication, to use business etiquette, conflict management and fruitful interaction in the framework of cooperation. The development of all these skills is placed into the educational process of technical universities as communicative competence is required by in the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education. The participants of this communicative competencestudy wereemploying companies fromVolgograd, Russia (AlterStroy LLC, Alternativa LLC, Elast Plus LLC, PartnerService LLC, Artemis Don LLC, Etalon MK LLC, Beton LLC, Business ResheniyeLLC) and senior students of the Volgograd State Technical University. The total number of survey participants was 109. Master's Degree students of the Volgograd State Technical University V.Bondareva and I.Diulina developed and statistically processed the questionnaire. It was found that both the employers and the students consider the communicative skills, the ability to accurately and clearly express ideas, good manners, and the knowledge of verbal and non-verbal communication pave the path to success in the professional sphere.

scholarly journals A Study of Psychosocial Factors Related to Preserving Thai Traditions of Undergraduate Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.38) ◽  
pp. 1314
Author(s):  
Shuttawwee Sitsira-at
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Psychological Traits

This correlational comparative study aimed at investigating important psychological and situational predictors of preserving Thai traditions, as well as, finding the groups at risk of not preserving Thai traditions. The sample of 1,297 undergraduate students from 10 universities in junior and senior levels was obtained. The sample consisted of 265 male students and 1,032 female students. The stratified quota random sampling was used. The hypotheses are tested by Multiple Regression analysis. Results of the research found that the positively correlation between students’ psychological traits, social situations, psychological states and preserving Thai traditions is statistically significant at .01. Results of the total sample from multiple regression analysis indicated that behavioral intention to Thai-value was the first important predictor of this behavior, followed by social norm, cultivated by families, opening for information, role model, core-self-evaluation, attitude toward Thai products, psychological immunity, perceived ease of shopping Thai products, ego identity, and Future orientation and self-control with the accuracy of 45.3%. The highest predictive percentage of 31.6% was found in male students with the same important predictors as the total group. Furthermore, the results showed that male in senior students were the groups at risk of not preserving Thai traditions.       

scholarly journals Inferring psychological traits from spending categories and dynamic consumption patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natkamon Tovanich ◽  
Simone Centellegher ◽  
Nacéra Bennacer Seghouani ◽  
Joe Gladstone ◽  
Sandra Matz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Credit Scoring ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Advertising Strategies ◽  
Spending Behavior

AbstractIn recent years there has been a growing interest in analyzing human behavioral data generated by new technologies. One type of digital footprint that is universal across the world, but that has received relatively little attention to date, is spending behavior.In this paper, using the transaction records of 1306 bank customers, we investigated the extent to which individual-level psychological characteristics can be inferred from bank transaction data. Specifically, we developed a more comprehensive feature space using: (1) overall spending behavior (i.e. total number and total amount of transaction), (2) temporal spending behavior (i.e. variability, persistence, and burstiness), (3) category-related spending behavior (i.e. diversity, persistence, and turnover), (4) customer category profile, and (5) socio-demographic information. Using these features, we first explore their association with individual psychological characteristics, we then analyze the performances of the different feature families and finally, we try to understand to what extent psychological characteristics from spending records can be inferred.Our results show that inferring the psychological traits of an individual is a challenging task, even when using a comprehensive set of features that take temporal aspects of spending into account. We found that Materialism and Self-Control could be inferred with relatively high levels of accuracy, while the accuracy obtained for the Big Five traits was lower, with only Extraversion and Neuroticism reaching reasonable classification performances.Hence, for traits like Materialism, Self-control, Extraversion, and Neuroticism our findings could be used to improve psychologically-informed advertising strategies for specific products as well as personality-based spending management apps and credit scoring approaches.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Social Distancing and Mask-Wearing in the Pandemic of COVID-19: The Role of Need for Cognition, Self-control, and Risk Attitude

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Xu ◽  
Jiuqing Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Epidemiological Information

In the United States, while the number of COVID-19 cases continue to increase, the practice of social distancing and mask-wearing have been controversial and even politicized. The present study examined the role of psychological traits in social distancing compliance and mask-wearing behavior and attitude. A sample of 233 U.S. adult residents were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants completed scales of social distancing compliance, mask-wearing behavior and attitude, need for cognition, self-control, risk attitude, and political ideology. Epidemiological information (seven-day positive rate and the number of cases per 100,000) was obtained based on the state participants resided in. As a result, epidemiological information did not correlate with protective behaviors. Political ideology, on the other hand, was a significant factor, with a more liberal tendency being associated with greater engagement in social distancing compliance and mask-wearing behavior an attitude. Importantly, those who were more risk averse, or had a higher level of self-control or need for cognition practiced more social distancing and mask-wearing, after controlling for demographics, epidemiological information, and political ideology. For mask-wearing behavior, political ideology interacted with both need for cognition and self-control. Collectively, the study revealed the psychological roots of individual differences in social distancing and mask-wearing compliance.

scholarly journals One size fits all? Designing financial incentives tailored to individual economic preferences

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
STEFAN A. LIPMAN
Keyword(s):  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Heterogeneous Preferences ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Present Bias ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Economic Preferences ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Financial incentives are often designed to benefit from behavioral insights. Individuals’ preferences for such behaviorally inspired incentives are rarely studied, nor is the role played by the behavioral insights that motivated them. This study aimed to let individuals design their own incentives (i.e., tailored incentives) and to explore which individual characteristics are associated with these preferences for tailored incentives. A sample of students (n = 182) tailored hypothetical incentives for visiting the gym. Incentives could be tailored by: (1) committing personal funds; (2) picking weekly payouts (increasing or decreasing); and (3) introducing payout risk while increasing value. Afterwards, (inter alia) loss aversion, probability weighting, time discounting, present bias, cognitive reflection and trait self-control were measured. A large majority indicated being willing to deposit their own money, and only very few individuals selected risky incentives. These heterogeneous preferences for financial incentives are poorly predicted by the individual characteristics measured (i.e., economic preferences and psychological traits). These results suggest that preferences for tailored incentives could be studied as input for the design of financial incentives. However, it is unclear whether tailoring incentives improves cost-effectiveness, as the lack of association between tailored incentives and the behavioral insights that motivate them has multiple conflicting interpretations.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Smoking Behaviors in Out-of-School Youth: Based on an Ecological Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6380
Author(s):  
Sook-Ja Yang ◽  
Hye-Young Song
Keyword(s):  
Parental Attachment ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Out Of School

Purpose: To investigate the association between smoking behavior in out-of-school youths (OSY) and individual, interpersonal, and organizational factors through an ecological model. Methods: Participants were 297 OSY aged 13–18 years, who visited J area’s counseling center. The independent variables were self-control (intrapersonal factor), parental attachment and social network (interpersonal factors), and exposure to no-smoking policy (community factor). The dependent variable was smoking. Descriptive statistics, χ2-tests, correlation analyses, and logistic regression analysis were performed. Results: The predictors of smoking in OSY were analyzed using demographic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and community factors. Period after discontinuation of school, self-control, parental attachment, and friends’ smoking behavior were significant predictors. Smoking behavior was found to decrease when the period after discontinuation of school was over than one year, when the parents attachment increased and when self-control increased. Conversely, smoking increased when friends’ smoking increased. Conclusions: When administering smoking prevention programs for OSY, parental attachment and psychological traits, such as self-control, should be taken into consideration. Therefore, for effective results, such programs need to strengthen self-control, stress the importance of parental attachment through parent education, and enroll adolescents along with their friends who smoke. Implications and Contribution: Based on an ecological model, this descriptive survey, conducted to investigate the association between smoking behavior among out-of-school youths and individual, interpersonal, and organizational factors, proposes that smoking prevention programs should consider parental attachment and psychological traits, including self-control, for optimal effectiveness.

scholarly journals The Psychology of Murder Concealment Acts

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3113
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin ◽  
Naji Arafat Mahat ◽  
Geshina Ayu Mat Saat ◽  
Azizah Othman ◽  
Ian Lloyd Anthony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cognitive Distortion ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Psychometric Instruments ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Insight Into

The escalating trend of murder victim concealment worldwide appears worrying, and literature does not reveal any specific study focusing on victim concealment amongst convicted male Malaysian murderers. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the psychological traits that may underlie the act of murder concealment in Malaysia via mixed method approaches. Male murderers (n = 71) from 11 prisons were selected via purposive sampling technique. In the quantitative analysis, a cross-sectional study design using the validated questionnaire was used. The questionnaire contained murder concealment variables and four Malay validated psychometric instruments measuring: personality traits, self-control, aggression, and cognitive distortion. The independent sample t-tests revealed the significantly higher level of anger in murderers who did not commit concealment acts (8.55 ± 2.85, p < 0.05) when compared with those who did so (6.40 ± 2.64). Meanwhile, the Kruskal–Wallis H test revealed that anger and the personality trait of aggressiveness-hostility significantly varied across the different groups of murder concealment acts (p < 0.05). The qualitative data obtained via the in-depth interviews revealed two important themes for the murderers to commit murder concealment acts: (1) fear of discovery and punishment and (2) blaming others. These findings discussed from the perspectives of the murderers within the context of criminology and psychology may provide the first ever insight into the murder concealment acts in Malaysia that can benefit the relevant authorities for crime prevention and investigation efforts.

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