scholarly journals Endogenous Infrastructure Development and Spatial Takeoff in the First Industrial Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-93
Author(s):  
Alex Trew
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Simulation Output

This paper develops a model in which the evolution of the transport sector occurs alongside the growth in trade and output of agricultural and manufacturing firms. Simulation output captures aspects of the historical record of England and Wales over 1710–1881. A number of counterfactuals demonstrate the role that the timing and spatial distribution of infrastructure development play in determining the timing of takeoff. There can be a role for policy in accelerating takeoff through improving infrastructure, but the spatial distribution of that improvement matters. (JEL H54, N53, N63, N73, N93, R12, R42)

Re-appraising and Re-classifying: a New Look at the Corpus of Miniature Socketed Axes from Britain

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Alex Bliss
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Object Type ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Extensive Data ◽  
Metal Artefacts ◽  
The Subject

The advent of the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) has added a great deal to our understanding of prehistoric metal artefacts in England and Wales, namely in expanding enormously the corpuses of objects previously thought to be quite scarce. One such artefact type is the miniature socketed 'votive' axe, most of which are found in Wiltshire and Hampshire. As a direct result of developing such recording initiatives, reporting of these artefacts as detector finds from the early 2000s onwards has virtually trebled the number originally published by Paul Robinson in his 1995 analysis. Through extensive data-collection, synthesising examples recorded via the PAS with those from published excavations, the broad aims of this paper (in brief) are as follows: firstly, produce a solid typology for these artefacts; secondly, investigate their spatial distribution across England and Wales. As a more indirect third aim, this paper also seeks to redress the imbalance of focus and academic study specifically applying to Hampshire finds of this object type, which despite producing a significant proportion of the currently known corpus have never been the subject of detailed analysis.

scholarly journals СТАН ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЇЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ

2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Оксана І. Дмитрієва
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Regulation Of Transport ◽  
Development Regulation

The article seeks to explore the state of government regulation of transport infrastructure and to reveal its specifics in ensuring this sector efficiency in the context of economic globalization. The study suggests that the framework of legislative and strategic documents in the area of transport industry and its infrastructure development regulation should be considered at the international, national and the regional levels. The paper also provides insights to the key challenges hindering the innovative development of the transport infrastructure in Ukraine. The research findings have revealed the major gaps in the system of government regulation of the Ukrainian transport infrastructure which refer to: the absence of a single public regulatory authority in the transport sector which is empowered to perform regulatory, monitoring and the control functions; fundamental imbalances in transport infrastructure development (as to different transport categories); the lack of tax incentives for investors in infrastructure facilities; the lack of a balancing mechanism to regulate the number of operators in various transport market sectors through licensing procedures; the absence of an effective mechanism for designing appropriate pricing (tariff) policies in the transport sector focusing on the need to prevent monopolization while promoting competition in adjacent markets etc. It is argued that a strategy to eliminate the above shortcomings in government regulation practices in the area of transport infrastructure should be built through searching a balance between deregulation (decentralization) and excessive centralization in the specified sector. With the purpose of consolidating and structuring the information to ensure the efficiency of transport infrastructure development based on government intervention, the study has identified the following components of a basic government regulation toolkit which involves a wide range of organizational, regulatory, social, economic, innovative, market-based, informational and analytical instruments.

Omission of Data in Wrigley’s “Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution”

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-299
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Agricultural Change ◽  
England And Wales

In “Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales,” Wrigley omits vital information from the section “Urban Growth and Agricultural Change.” Arguing that by 1800, English agriculture was able to provide not only food for the rising population but also raw material for the industries, he cites wool and leather as the two largest industries in terms of value added in 1801 and leaves out building and cotton entirely. Therein lies the problem.

scholarly journals Investment Risk Management and Economic Aspects of Transport Infrastructure Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Gintautas Labanauskas ◽  
Ramūnas Palšaitis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Multiple Indicators

Investment Risk Management and Economic Aspects of Transport Infrastructure Development The major causes of investment riskiness into transport infrastructure relate to international economy instability, lack of clearly defined and accurate information on the overall processes of international intermodal transportation, absence of objective information due to inconsequent market research as regards interpretation of economic, political and other aspects. Assessment of objective integrated investments into public transport sector as a very specific branch of economy should necessarily be evaluated as multiple indicators affecting different spheres of community, and the final solution should be drawn when all multi-criteria indicators are well appraised. Economy based grounding of the optimal choice from all possible variants when solving specific tasks of the transport sector, depends on the economic expediency of the constructed subject. The main factors of effective usage of investments become apparent in the process of solving the task of road or railway network development optimisation.

DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS INFRASTRUCTURE

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (0) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Ryszard Rolbiecki
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Technical Specification ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Council Directive ◽  
National Framework ◽  
The Eu

An increase of the energetic efficiency of the economy is one of the priority goals of EU policy. In all the sectors of the EU-28 countries this goal has been achieved. However, in the transport sector, which is especially dependent on the supplies of crude oil, the energy consumption continues to increase. This is why, a wider use of alternative fuels is one of the ways of increasing the transport energy efficiency and decrease the dependency on crude oil. In transportation, there is a chance to increase the use of electricity and natural gas. However, the use of these energy sources in transport depends on the development of appropriate infrastructure. The requirements regarding the technical specification of the alternative fuel infrastructure and the time horizon for the construction of these facilities have been described in the European Parliament and Council Directive of 22.10.2014 on the development of alternative fuels infrastructure. In Poland, the development directions regarding the use of alternative fuels in transport and the goals of the transport infrastructure development have been set out in the year 2016 in the national framework for the policy of alternative fuels infrastructure development.

Economic sectoral transfer could not help to global CO2 mitigation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hansunbai Li ◽  
Yu Ye
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Power Industry ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Building Sector ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
High Emission

<p>CO<sub>2</sub> was the largest part of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHGs) caused remarkable changes in climate and earth system. In response to this situation, global mitigation efforts, especially sectoral and cross-sectoral, have been taken while meeting the needs of global development. Understanding the sectoral structures and emissions in different countries and regions in the period of emission quick growth and industrial transferred among the world after 1970 could suggest effective efforts to avoid misleading mitigation pathway and could support decision-makers to select efficient strategies for different countries and sectors.</p><p>Using CO<sub>2</sub> emission data form GHG emission inventory EDGAR (The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research), we identified the major emission pattern of different regions by counted the largest sectoral emission on each grid, which suggests the spatial distribution of sectoral emission. We also identified the high emission regions in the world by selecting grids where emission higher than the global mean plus 2 times stand deviation after logarithm transform, which those regions contributed more than 80% of global emission in every year since 1970. Then, we counted the largest sectoral emission on each grid in the high emission regions to indicate the main contribute sectors. We analyzed those two types of sectoral emissions changes in space and time that representing the spatial distribution pattern and the highest emission sources at different times.</p><p>Our study shown emission by transport sector contribute a major part in space after the compliment of transport infrastructure construction, which emission transfer from manufacturing to transport sector. It has three different types of countries of completed time, for countries like the USA, transport sector dominant the distribution in space since the 1970s, for countries like the UK and France, the major sectoral emission in space was building sector before 1990, then was replaced by transport sector, for other countries have not finished yet. Our study also revealed high emission regions that occurred in megacities and at the place where power industries locate and its area has increased. However, sectoral emissions shown different both in time and space. For the USA and Europe, the main emission sectors in high emission regions transferred from power industry and manufacturing sector to building sector before 1990, especially sector in megacities transferred from manufacturing to building sector with the area of high emission regions increased. For the region in the east of China, the main emission sectors in high emission regions were power industry and manufacturing sector, which experienced quick growth between 1980 to 1990 and cities in there became the world manufacture center. In conclusion, during sharply increased emission since 1970, the role of industrial transfers was transfer emissions from some sectors to another region in another country, and emissions from other sectors replaced those transferred emissions.</p>

scholarly journals Substantiation of Expediency of Creation of Transport and Logistics Cluster in the Carpathian Economic Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
H. Pushak ◽  
◽  
N. Trushkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Cluster Model ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Economic Region ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Regional Transport

It is proved that for balanced sustainable development of the regional transport and logistics system it is expedient to develop a cluster model of organization of logistics activities in the economic region, which means a conceptual approach that involves the creation and operation of transport and logistics cluster. The cluster model includes the following blocks: a single set of processes of logistics activities; members of the transport and logistics cluster that organize these processes; algorithm of cluster formation and functioning; mechanisms for forming partnerships of cluster members; financial support for cluster development; achieving a synergetic (economic, social and environmental) effect from the sustainable development of the transport and logistics cluster on the basis of stimulating the region. In order to form a transport and logistics cluster in the Carpathian economic region, it is necessary to create appropriate institutional conditions, which are: improving the legislative and regulatory framework for the development of the transport sector and the organization of logistics activities, taking into account the regional component; development of the Strategy of complex development of the regional transport and logistics system on the basis of modernization of the transport infrastructure; development and implementation of organizational and economic mechanism for managing the development of the transport and logistics system of the economic region using the tools of "green" logistics and digital technologies; Improving the mechanism of financial support for the development of transport and logistics system through the use of financial instruments such as venture capital, crowdfunding, international public-private partnership based on private investment, credit institutions, foreign investment resources, grants from international financial organizations, investment funds.

scholarly journals Rise of the War Machines: Charting the Evolution of Military Technologies from the Neolithic to the Industrial Revolution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Turchin ◽  
Daniel Hoyer ◽  
Andrey Korotayev ◽  
Nikolay Kradin ◽  
Sergei Nefedov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
World History ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
World Population ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
Stratified Sample

The causes and consequences of technological evolution in world history have been much debated. Of particular importance in many of the theoretical and empirical studies on this topic is innovation in military technologies, details of which are comparatively well preserved in the archaeology and historical record and which are often seen as drivers of broad socio-cultural processes. Here we analyze data on the evolution of key military technologies in a stratified sample of the world’s political systems from the Neolithic to the industrial revolution using Seshat: Global History Databank. Empirically testing a series of previously speculative theories reveals that world population size (as proxy for the potential numbers of innovators), the connectivity between areas of innovation and adoption, and major past innovations such as iron metallurgy and horse riding, all serve as strong predictors of change in military technology. We discuss how the approach showcased here could be extended not only to explain more of the causes and consequences of military innovation but of technological change more generally, with important ramifications for our understanding of the drivers of world history and of the evolution of social complexity.

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