Morality, Policy, and the Brain

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-233
Author(s):  
Aldo Rustichini
Keyword(s):  
Western Civilization ◽  
Morality Policy ◽  
Philosophical Debate ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Joshua Greene ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Specific Contribution ◽  
New Look

The book Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap between Us and Them, by Joshua Greene, invites the reader to give a new look at the foundation of ethics and, by implication, to policy. Its specific strength is the systematic integration of new methods from neuroscience into a very old debate. Having something new and substantial to add in an investigation that has been at the center of the philosophical debate in Western civilization for twenty-five centuries is remarkable. While I invite everyone to read and enjoy this wonderful book, I take here the opportunity to invite economists to take the challenge. We are particularly interested in the question, “Is there a specific contribution that economics can give to this debate?” I believe there is and this insight is now in danger of being lost. This is my attempt to indicate where the research should look now. Maybe it is not too late. (JEL D12, D63, D87, Z13)

Confronting the grey zone after severe brain injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Peterson ◽  
Adrian M. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
Severe Brain Injury ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Legal Decision Making ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Brain

In recent years, rapid technological developments in the field of neuroimaging have provided several new methods for revealing thoughts, actions and intentions based solely on the pattern of activity that is observed in the brain. In specialized centres, these methods are now being employed routinely to assess residual cognition, detect consciousness and even communicate with some behaviorally non-responsive patients who clinically appear to be comatose or in a vegetative state. In this article, we consider some of the ethical issues raised by these developments and the profound implications they have for clinical care, diagnosis, prognosis and medical-legal decision-making after severe brain injury.

scholarly journals A global framework for a systemic view of brain modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Alexandre
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Posterior Cortex ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Brain Modeling ◽  
Brain Theory ◽  
Habitual Behavior ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Specific Contribution

AbstractThe brain is a complex system, due to the heterogeneity of its structure, the diversity of the functions in which it participates and to its reciprocal relationships with the body and the environment. A systemic description of the brain is presented here, as a contribution to developing a brain theory and as a general framework where specific models in computational neuroscience can be integrated and associated with global information flows and cognitive functions. In an enactive view, this framework integrates the fundamental organization of the brain in sensorimotor loops with the internal and the external worlds, answering four fundamental questions (what, why, where and how). Our survival-oriented definition of behavior gives a prominent role to pavlovian and instrumental conditioning, augmented during phylogeny by the specific contribution of other kinds of learning, related to semantic memory in the posterior cortex, episodic memory in the hippocampus and working memory in the frontal cortex. This framework highlights that responses can be prepared in different ways, from pavlovian reflexes and habitual behavior to deliberations for goal-directed planning and reasoning, and explains that these different kinds of responses coexist, collaborate and compete for the control of behavior. It also lays emphasis on the fact that cognition can be described as a dynamical system of interacting memories, some acting to provide information to others, to replace them when they are not efficient enough, or to help for their improvement. Describing the brain as an architecture of learning systems has also strong implications in Machine Learning. Our biologically informed view of pavlovian and instrumental conditioning can be very precious to revisit classical Reinforcement Learning and provide a basis to ensure really autonomous learning.

scholarly journals NORMATIZAÇÃO PARA USO DO ÓXIDO NITROSO NA CLINICA ODONTOLÓGICA

DENS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grasielle KARPSTEIN ◽  
Wilson Kenji SHIROMA
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Oxygen ◽  
Sedation And Analgesia ◽  
American Society ◽  
New Look

Apesar do oxido nitroso ser usado há mais de cem anos no mundo inteiro, seu uso no Brasil ainda é restrito a poucos profissionais, a falta de informação causa receio por parte do profissional e também por parte dos pacientes, pois pela pouca divulgação ainda existem muitos mitos envolvendo essa técnica. Apenas há três anos o Conselho Federal de Odontologia baixou uma resolução estabelecendo normas para habilitação do Cirurgião Dentista na utilização de oxido nitroso em consultório na sedação consciente. Antes disso muitos cirurgiões dentistas se beneficiavam de lacunas na Legislação, utilizando-o, não raras vezes, de forma indiscriminada. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo trazer ao conhecimento dos acadêmicos e profissionais de odontologia as novas legislações para utilização do oxido nitroso, promovendo a discussão através de comparação da Resolução do CFO de 2004 e das normas que a secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo implementou em 2005.  Palavras-chave: Oxido Nitroso; Odontologia; Sedação Consciente  Referencias Bibliográficas 1. Brasil. Lei nº 5.081, de 24 de agosto de 1966. Regula o exercício da profissão odontológica. Diário Oficial da União, Poder Executivo, Brasília, DF, 26 ago. 1966.2. Ranali J. Óxido nitroso: por que usar. J Assoc Paul Cir Dent. 2001; 36(529):32-5.3. São Paulo (Estado). Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Portaria CVS nº 11, de 03 de junho de 2003. Dispõe sobre proibição ao cirurgião-dentista em aplicar anestesia geral em consultório, ou qualquer tipo de analgesia, empregando fármacos com potencialidade de anestesia geral. Diário Oficial do Estado, Poder Executivo 2003a; 113(104): 23. Seção 1.4. São Paulo. Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Portaria CVS nº 14, de 01 de agosto de 2003. Dispõe sobre a revogação da Portaria CVS 11, de 03/06/03 e cria grupo de trabalho para regulamentar o uso de anestésicos inalatórios em odontologia. Diário Oficial do Estado, Poder Executivo  2003b; 113(144): 23. Seção 1.5. Moura, L. C. L;  A utilização da sedação consciente com oxido nitroso/oxigenio (N20/02) em Odontologia. 20056. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGY TASK FORCE: Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 96(4):1004, 2002.7. ANDRADE, E.D. (1999). Terapêutica medicamentosa em Odontologia. 1ªed, São Paulo, Artes Médicas.8. ANDRADE, E.D. & RANALI, J. (2004). Emergências Médicas em Odontologia. 2ªed, São Paulo, Artes Médicas.9. MALAMED, S. F. & CLARK, M. (2003). Nitrous Oxide-Oxygen: A new look at a very old technique. Journal of the California Dental Association, 31(5):397-403.10. RANALI, J., RAMACCIATO, J.C., MOTTA, R.H.L. (2004). Biossegurança na sedação inalatória com óxido nitroso e oxigênio. Revista da Associação Paulista de Cirurgiões Dentistas, 58(5): 374-378 

A Neuromarketing Perspective for Assessing the Role and Impact of Typefaces on Consumer Purchase Decision

2020 ◽  
pp. 208-228
Author(s):  
Nihal Toros Ntapiapis ◽  
Çağla Özkardeşler
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Consumer Behaviors ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Consumer Neuroscience ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Given increasing knowledge about how consumers communicate with texts, our understanding of how brain processes information remains relatively limited. Besides that, in today's world, advancing neuroscience-related technology and developments have changed the understanding of consumer behavior. In this regard, in the 1990s, consumer neuroscience and neuromarketing concepts were revealed. This new concept has brought a multi-disciplinary approach and new perceptions of human cognition and behavior. For measuring consumer behaviors through a new alternative method, research has started combining traditional marketing researches with these new methods. This chapter explores how typeface knowledge from the brain functions using neuroscience technology and the importance neurosciences methodologies have for readability research. Moreover, this chapter will evaluate how typefaces affect the purchase decision of the consumers and offer an integrative literature review.

scholarly journals Recent advances in functional neuroimaging analysis for cognitive neuroscience

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 239821281775272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Williams ◽  
Richard N. Henson
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Scientific Questions ◽  
The Brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging and electro-/magneto-encephalography are some of the main neuroimaging technologies used by cognitive neuroscientists to study how the brain works. However, the methods for analysing the rich spatial and temporal data they provide are constantly evolving, and these new methods in turn allow new scientific questions to be asked about the brain. In this brief review, we highlight a handful of recent analysis developments that promise to further advance our knowledge about the working of the brain. These include (1) multivariate approaches to decoding the content of brain activity, (2) time-varying approaches to characterising states of brain connectivity, (3) neurobiological modelling of neuroimaging data, and (4) standardisation and big data initiatives.

Normal Aging and the Brain

Physiology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 197-200
Author(s):  
R Katzman
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Normal Aging ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Brain Processing ◽  
The Brain

During normal aging, cognition as measured by intelligence tests is remarkably preserved, although most of the very old show significant slowing of brain processing and mild loss of episodic memory. The neural basis for these changes is poorly understood.

CURRENT AND TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON THE BRAIN WORKS

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-212
Author(s):  
Bożydar L.J. Kaczmarek ◽  
Katarzyna Markiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
The Brain

The present paper argues that the development of a new methodology in studying the brain has resulted in a change of our views on the way it works, has seen the emergence of new ideas, and a considerable modification of traditionally accepted theories. The most significant are neuroplasticity, negative activity network (NAT), the nature of aphasic disorders, and the approach to the localization of brain functions. New brain imaging techniques have confirmed also the ability to change the neuronal circuits by mental force. Moreover, new techniques have brought about a rise in new methods for both the diagnosis and rehabilitation of individuals with various brain disorders. Most valuable in this respect has proved to be neurofeedback. We have concentrated on the most important contributions of Prof. Pąchalska in the implementation and development of these new ideas on brain functioning. We also emphasize the fact that her theoretical considerations are firmly based upon her extensive (forty years) work with brain damaged patients.

scholarly journals Neurophysiology and Neurorehabilitation of Cognitive Impairment and Disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 176-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Romanchuk ◽  
P. Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Hand Tools ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The One ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques ◽  
Modern Solution

Doctor and neurophysiologist: a modern solution to problems of rehabilitation ‘cognitive brain’ of Homo sapiens using on the one hand, tools and technologies of artificial intelligence, and with another — a multidisciplinary collaboration with clinical neurophysiologist ‘universal’ specialist in the field of neurology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychoanalysis and geriatrics. Modern artificial intelligence technologies are capable of many things, including predicting Alzheimer’s disease with the help of combined and hybrid neuroimaging, sequencing of a new generation, etc., in order to start timely and effective rehabilitation brain H. sapiens. The H. sapiens brain is the next frontier for health care. Through the fusion of combined and hybrid neuroimaging techniques with artificial intelligence technologies, it will be possible to understand and diagnose neurological disorders and find new methods of rehabilitation and medical and social support that will lead to improved mental health. To restore circadian neuroplasticity of the brain, a multimodal scheme is proposed: circadian glasses, functional nutrition and physical activity. A combined and hybrid cluster in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of cognitive disorders and cognitive disorders has been developed and implemented.

scholarly journals A Connectome of the Adult Drosophila Central Brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shan Xu ◽  
Michal Januszewski ◽  
Zhiyuan Lu ◽  
Shin-ya Takemura ◽  
Kenneth J. Hayworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Fraction ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Data Set ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Central Brain ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe neural circuits responsible for behavior remain largely unknown. Previous efforts have reconstructed the complete circuits of small animals, with hundreds of neurons, and selected circuits for larger animals. Here we (the FlyEM project at Janelia and collaborators at Google) summarize new methods and present the complete circuitry of a large fraction of the brain of a much more complex animal, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Improved methods include new procedures to prepare, image, align, segment, find synapses, and proofread such large data sets; new methods that define cell types based on connectivity in addition to morphology; and new methods to simplify access to a large and evolving data set. From the resulting data we derive a better definition of computational compartments and their connections; an exhaustive atlas of cell examples and types, many of them novel; detailed circuits for most of the central brain; and exploration of the statistics and structure of different brain compartments, and the brain as a whole. We make the data public, with a web site and resources specifically designed to make it easy to explore, for all levels of expertise from the expert to the merely curious. The public availability of these data, and the simplified means to access it, dramatically reduces the effort needed to answer typical circuit questions, such as the identity of upstream and downstream neural partners, the circuitry of brain regions, and to link the neurons defined by our analysis with genetic reagents that can be used to study their functions.Note: In the next few weeks, we will release a series of papers with more involved discussions. One paper will detail the hemibrain reconstruction with more extensive analysis and interpretation made possible by this dense connectome. Another paper will explore the central complex, a brain region involved in navigation, motor control, and sleep. A final paper will present insights from the mushroom body, a center of multimodal associative learning in the fly brain.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document