scholarly journals Estimating Risk Preferences in the Field

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levon Barseghyan ◽  
Francesca Molinari ◽  
Ted O’Donoghue ◽  
Joshua C. Teitelbaum
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Property Insurance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Core ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Betting Market ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
Insurance Data

We survey the literature on estimating risk preferences using field data. We concentrate our attention on studies in which risk preferences are the focal object and estimating their structure is the core enterprise. We review a number of models of risk preferences—including both expected utility (EU) theory and non-EU models—that have been estimated using field data, and we highlight issues related to identification and estimation of such models using field data. We then survey the literature, giving separate treatment to research that uses individual-level data (e.g., property-insurance data) and research that uses aggregate data (e.g., betting-market data). We conclude by discussing directions for future research. ( JEL C51, D11, D81, D82, D83, G22, I13)

Conclusion: What academia can contribute to refugee policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idean Salehyan
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Potential Risks

This conclusion to the special issue highlights the role of scholars in advancing the public discussion about forced migration. As countries around the world are adopting increasing restrictions on the entry of refugees, academic research can help to dispel some of the myths and apprehensions regarding the risks that forced migration entails. While refugees may be linked to conflict and violence in limited circumstances, the research generally demonstrates that robust international cooperation to manage refugee settlements, provide adequate humanitarian assistance, and integrate refugees into host communities, among other policies, can help to mitigate potential risks. Directions for future research and analysis are also discussed. Forced migration scholars should endeavor to collect more individual-level data; seek to understand factors that exacerbate or reduce security risks associated with cross-border militancy; conduct research on the long-term integration of refugees; and seek to understand the causes and consequences of resettlement and repatriation policies.

Economic Inequality and Social Entrepreneurship

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurav Pathak ◽  
Etayankara Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data

This article explores the extent to which income inequality and income mobility—both considered indicators of economic inequality and conditions of formal regulatory institutions (government activism)—facilitate or constrain the emergence of social entrepreneurship. Using 77,983 individual-level responses obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey of 26 countries, and supplementing with country-level data obtained from the Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum, our results from multilevel analyses demonstrate that country-level income inequality increases the likelihood of individual-level engagement in social entrepreneurship, while income mobility decreases this likelihood. Further, income mobility negatively moderates the influence of income inequality on social entrepreneurship, such that the condition of low income mobility and high income inequality is a stronger predictor of social entrepreneurship. We discuss implications and limitations of our study, and we suggest avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Profiling Residents’ Mobility with Grid-Aggregated Mobile Phone Trace Data Using Chengdu as the Case

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13713
Author(s):  
Xuesong Gao ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Lun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phone Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Privacy Leakage ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Movement Trace

People’s movement trace harvested from mobile phone signals has become an important new data source for studying human behavior and related socioeconomic topics in social science. With growing concern about privacy leakage of big data, mobile phone data holders now tend to provide aggregate-level mobility data instead of individual-level data. However, most algorithms for measuring mobility are based on individual-level data—how the existing mobility algorithms can be properly transformed to apply on aggregate-level data remains undiscussed. This paper explores the transformation of individual data-based mobility metrics to fit with grid-aggregate data. Fifteen candidate metrics measuring five indicators of mobility are proposed and the most suitable one for each indicator is selected. Future research about aggregate-level mobility data may refer to our analysis to assist in the selection of suitable mobility metrics.

Building Bridges for Student Success: Are Higher Education Articulation Policies Effective?

2009 ◽  
Vol 111 (10) ◽  
pp. 2444-2478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josipa Roksa
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Community Colleges ◽  
Research Question ◽  
State Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Transfer Success ◽  
Bachelor's Degree Attainment ◽  
Education Performance

Background/Context Although the importance of facilitating transfer from community colleges to 4-year institutions is almost universally accepted, there is little consensus on how to measure transfer success or evaluate policies aimed at assisting students in making this educational transition. Despite the increasing attention on transfer in recent decades, the most fundamental types of questions, such as whether community colleges are successful at facilitating transfer and bachelor's degree attainment and whether articulation policies are effective, lack satisfactory answers. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study I describe challenges associated with current endeavors to facilitate and measure transfer success, attempt to resolve some of the inconsistencies in previous research on articulation policies, and illuminate promising paths for the future. Research Design The manuscript begins with a synthesis of previous research, including different definitions of transfer success and articulation policies. I then analyze state-level and individual-level data to examine the effectiveness of articulation policies using these distinct definitions. Finally, I draw on descriptive information from various higher education systems to illustrate the variety of strategies adopted to facilitate transfer, and I suggest potential explanations for why statewide articulation policies may not appear effective. Conclusions/Recommendations The current state of knowledge and data collection efforts make it impossible to provide definitive answers regarding the effectiveness of articulation policies in higher education. I conclude with recommendations for improving future research and policy regarding this crucial transition in higher education, including collecting and sharing data (with collaboration between higher education institutions and state and federal governments), clearly defining goals of articulation policies and evaluating them accordingly, and developing a consistent set of definitions and measurements of transfer success. I suggest that these recommendations can be implemented by building on existing systems of collaboration and coordination in higher education. The 2/4 community college-baccalaureate transfer function is one of the most important state policy issues in higher education because its success (or failure) is central to many dimensions of state higher education performance, including access, equity, affordability, cost effectiveness, degree productivity, and quality. Wellman, 2002, p. 3

Curvilinear relationship between intra-team trust and team innovation: the moderating role of task complexity

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidajat Hendarsjah ◽  
Ely Susanto ◽  
Bambang Riyanto Lies Sugianto ◽  
Tarsisius Hani Handoko
Keyword(s):  
Task Complexity ◽  
Task Interdependence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Team Innovation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Team Trust

Purpose This paper aims to identify the relationship pattern between intra-team trust and team innovation and the influence of moderating variable task complexity on the relationship. It also describes why and how intra-team trust is a unique antecedent for team innovation, as too much or too less influence of the variable can have detrimental effects on team innovation. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses survey research. The data were collected by distributing questionnaires to work teams. After the individual-level data were aggregated into team-level data, hierarchical linier regression was conducted to test the hypotheses. Findings The paper provides empirical findings that (1) intra-team trust and team innovation have a curvilinear relationship pattern, (2) task complexity does not influence curvilinear relationship (3) and the increase in task complexity improves the possibility of team innovation to occur. Research limitations/implications The paper has two limitations. First, as intra-team trust was also represented by aggregated perception of team members’ trust for outside parties (not only members’ perception for their teams), the future research is expected to include the representation in the instrument. Second, recent research studies have shown that contextual factor of task interdependence, instead of task complexity, also had an effect on the relationship pattern between intra-team trust and team performance (i.e. team innovation). Therefore, for future researchers, it is suggested that the use of task interdependence would be an alternative moderating variable on the relationship between intra-team trust and team innovation. Practical implications The paper discusses the strategy to enhance team innovation by revealing strategies to manage interplay among intra-team trust, team complexity and the desired team innovation. Originality/value The paper identifies the need to conduct empirical research on how an interplay among intra-team trust, task complexity and team innovation could be enabled.

What Affects Invalid Voting? A Review and Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Kouba ◽  
Jakub Lysek
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Quality Of Democracy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Compulsory Voting ◽  
Level Data ◽  
First Time

Research on invalid voting has expanded rapidly over the past few years. This review article for the first time examines its principal findings and provides a new theoretical perspective on the origins of invalid votes based on a two-dimensional framework. The main results of 54 studies using both individual-level and aggregate-level data as well as the results of experimental and qualitative studies are analysed. The meta-analysis of all existing aggregate-level studies finds that compulsory voting, quality of democracy, fragmentation and closeness of the electoral race play important roles in explaining invalid voting. On the other hand, the research is accompanied by many theoretical and empirical contradictions that hamper the accumulation of knowledge in this field. We therefore conclude by suggesting the challenges for future research.

“Nanny State” Politics: Causal Attributions About Obesity and Support for Regulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald P. Haider-Markel ◽  
Mark R. Joslyn
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Individual Choices

We posit that individuals develop causal stories to explain the world around them, including events, behaviors, and conditions in society. These are narratives that attribute causes to controllable components, such as individual choices, or uncontrollable components, such as broader forces in the environment. We use attribution theory to understand how group identity and individual characteristics may shape causal attributions about obesity. Based on previous empirical findings, we argue that attributions and identity can explain policy preferences. We test our hypotheses using individual-level data from a unique national survey of American adults. Our findings suggest that partisan and weight identities predispose people to make certain attributions about obesity, and these attributions influence policy preferences related to obesity. We suggest policymakers need to consider public attributions about obesity and future research should develop more refined measures of attributions.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING THE PLOTT-WIT-YANG PARADOX

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Katarina Kalakovic ◽  
Andreas Ortmann
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Betting Market ◽  
Market Experiment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Paradoxical Results

Plott, Wit & Yang (2003) conduct a betting market experiment and find: First, information was aggregated. This suggests that traders updated their private information based on observed market odds. Second, a model based only on the use of private information seems to fit their data best. The authors call this paradoxical. Because the original data are lost, we replicate their experiment. Our results suggest that the paradox seems due to aggregate rather than individual level data analysis. We analyze the individual level data and explain the paradoxical results reported in Plott et al. (2003).We would like to thank Charles R. Plott and Peter Katuščák for invaluable comments 

The Efficiency of Pelota Betting Markets

2013 ◽  
pp. 171-193
Author(s):  
Loreto Llorente ◽  
Josemari Aizpurua ◽  
Javier Puértolas
Keyword(s):  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hedging Strategies ◽  
Betting Market ◽  
Betting Markets

In pelota matches, which are games with two mutually exclusive and exhaustive outcomes, wagers on the winner are made between viewers through a middleman who receives 16 percent of the payout. This chapter presents an analysis of this betting market under three different concepts of market efficiency widely utilized in the literature. Attention is then turned to another concept of market efficiency with the preliminary analysis of a set of field data. Finally, some insights are provided for future research on hedging strategies in these markets.

Athletic Expenditures and the Academic Mission of American Schools: A Group-Level Analysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell E. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Academic Mission ◽  
Level Data ◽  
American Schools ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Individual

Most studies find positive correlations at the individual level of analysis between athletic participation and academic success. One opportunity for scholarship left largely unexplored concerns the effect of athletics on group-level processes. The author used a resource-based perspective to explore the influence of athletic investment on academic achievement at the organizational level. Data were collected from 227 school districts. Multiple regression analyses revealed negative but insignificant relationships between athletic expenditures and indicators of basic skills and college preparation. Future research might determine whether the nonassociation observed in this study between athletic spending and academic performance generalizes to different school settings.

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