Subways and Road Congestion

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-115
Author(s):  
Yizhen Gu ◽  
Chang Jiang ◽  
Junfu Zhang ◽  
Ben Zou
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Auxiliary Data ◽  
Road Congestion ◽  
Road Speed ◽  
Time Savings

We study whether subways alleviate road congestion by examining 45 subway line launches in China and by using detailed data on road speed. Our difference-in-differences estimation finds that in the first year after a subway line is launched, rush hour speed on nearby roads increases by about 4 percent. The effect is most prominent in initially congested roads and declines over distance to the new subway line. Evidence on road speed is corroborated with substitution patterns among modes of transportation. Using auxiliary data from Beijing, we calculate that the time savings for each automobile or bus commute from faster speed is worth US$0.10. (JEL O18, P25, R41)

Infant Feeding and Infectious Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 806-807
Author(s):  
CHRIS MULFORD
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Research Question ◽  
First Year ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Substantial Investment ◽  
Infectious Illness ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
First Year Of Life

To the Editor.— I read with interest the article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants During the First Year of Life" by Rubin et al in the April issue.1 Two things puzzle me. The first is that, despite the authors' stated goal of paying close attention to methodology, their definition of breast-feeding fails to meet the standards set forth by most experts on lactation. The second is that, given their substantial investment of time and money in obtaining detailed data on 500 babies for a full year, the authors chose to ask their particular research question.

Katy Freeway High-Occupancy Vehicle Lane Value Pricing Project, Houston, Texas: Evaluation of Usage

2000 ◽  
Vol 1732 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Mark Hickman ◽  
Quanta Brown ◽  
Alejandro Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Travel Time Savings ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
Time Of Travel ◽  
Value Pricing

Usage of the QuickRide program on the Katy high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane in Houston, Texas, is described. The QuickRide program allows two-person carpools to use the HOV lane for $2.00 during peak periods when the lane is restricted to three or more persons. Use of QuickRide during its first year is described, and an analysis of the demand for the program is presented. QuickRide usage, reported travel behavior, and demographic data are used to analyze user travel patterns, travel time savings, and frequency of use. In the 1-year demonstration, demand averaged slightly over 100 vehicles per day, with more than 60 percent of these vehicles traveling in the morning peak. Participants' average use of QuickRide was only about 0.9 times per week, and very few participants used it more than five times per week. Yet a sampling of travel days indicates that, for the $2.00 fee, the average vehicle saves about 20 min of travel time. Responses to a mail-back survey show a significant mode shift from drive-alone to QuickRide, amounting to more than 50 percent of QuickRide trips. A substantial shift was also seen in the time of travel into the peak hour, totaling about one-third of QuickRide trips. Finally, larger household sizes and higher incomes appear to be good predictors of QuickRide use. Interestingly, previous use of the HOV lane was not a good indicator, either positively or negatively, for the frequency of use of QuickRide. These results suggest that ( a) the total demand for HOV-2 value pricing may be limited in major travel corridors, despite large potential time savings; ( b) substantial shifts in mode and time of travel are possible with HOV-2 value pricing; and ( c) household size and income are good indicators, but HOV lane use is a poor indicator, of the frequency of use of an HOV-2 value pricing program.

scholarly journals USING AN ONLINE MARKING SYSTEM FOR A LARGE CLASS ENVIRONMENT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Ostafichuk ◽  
Carol P. Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Software Tool ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
First Year ◽  
Final Exam ◽  
Brief Training ◽  
Class Environment ◽  
Orientation Session ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
Digital Record ◽  
Marking Time

The use of online team marking has the potential to both simplify and expedite the process of marking exams, papers, and other artifacts. An online team marking tool (Crowdmark) has been piloted at UBC in  Mechanical Engineering (125 student midterm) and two common first year introduction to engineering courses (840 student final exam, and 730 student midterm and final exam).Crowdmark, the particular software tool used, printed a unique QR code on each page of each exam and then exams were written by students in a conventional pencil-andpaper fashion. After the exam, papers were digitized and uploaded to the Crowdmark system. Following a brief training and orientation session, all marking took place by teaching assistants through the Crowdmark interface. Overall grader preference was positive, with the majority of graders expressing a strong preference for the Crowdmark system over conventional paper-based grading. In MECH 223, extensive historical data for marking time was available, and a significant reduction in marking time per exam (30%) was observed. This time savings included time saved handling papers and entering grades. Additional benefits were also observed through the use of this system: grades and histograms are available per question in real-time; time and grader tracking data is available; exam regrading is simplified; and there is a digital record of each exam for archiving purposes as well as to prevent issues of students altering papers prior to requesting regrading. Special safeguards had to be put in place due to freedom of information and privacy protection (FOIPP) requirements in British Columbia. We haveobserved a slightly lower cost per graded page with Crowdmark ($0.426/page) compared to a conventional exam ($0.439/page), but this includes outsourcing printing and scanning to an industrial-scale printing company. We consider this essentially cost-neutral, but like Crowdmarkfor all of the other benefits it offers.

THE IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON MANUFACTURING: PLANT-LEVEL ANALYSIS FOR THE GREAT HANSHIN-AWAJI EARTHQUAKE

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (01) ◽  
pp. 1640010 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUSUKE MATSUKI ◽  
SHUNSUKE MANAGI
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
First Year ◽  
Manufacturing Plant ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Analysis

This paper investigates the impact of the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake on plant input, output, total factor productivity (TFP) and exit using Japanese plant-level manufacturing data. We employ the difference-in-differences (DID) estimation method to identify the effects of the quake and find that the quake had an impact on manufacturing. The results suggest that production was influenced by the quake, particularly in the first year after the quake. Furthermore, the quake did not influence manufacturing industries uniformly. The effects are different based on specifications, variables, and industries. However, the quake had little impact on the exit of plants.

Time Savings With Rituximab Subcutaneous (SC) Injection Vs Rituximab Intravenous (IV) Infusion: Final Analysis From a Time-and-Motion Study In 8 Countries

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 1724-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin De Cock ◽  
Persefoni Kritikou ◽  
Sunning Tao ◽  
Christof Wiesner ◽  
Tim Waterboer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Funding ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphoma ◽  
First Year ◽  
Time And Motion Study ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Rituximab (MabThera®; Rituxan®) is the standard treatment for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (iNHL). Results from the phase 3 SABRINA study (NCT01200758) showed that a fixed-dose subcutaneous (SC) formulation of rituximab shortened administration time without compromising efficacy or safety compared with intravenous (IV) infusion of rituximab. A switch to the SC formulation is expected to offer healthcare professionals (HCP) time and cost savings. Aims This study aims to quantify resource utilization in terms of active HCP time (ie, time actively dedicated to a patient) and chair time related to rituximab SC vs rituximab IV in the treatment of patients with iNHL and to estimate potential time and cost savings for the conversion from IV to SC (per administration session and for the first year of treatment). Methods This is a multinational, multicenter, prospective, observational time and motion study. Data for rituximab SC injections were collected alongside the MABCUTE (MO25455; NCT01461928) trial, while data for rituximab IV infusions were collected in a real-world setting in the same data collection period and in 23 centers in Italy (IT), Russia (RU), Slovenia (SL), United Kingdom (UK), Spain (SP), France (FR), Austria (AU), and Brazil (BR). Following interviews with a nurse and pharmacy member in each center, generic case report forms for IV, SC, and drug preparation area (including pharmacy) processes were tailored to reflect local site practices. Trained observers recorded both the time that HCPs were actively completing prespecified tasks (using a stopwatch), and patient chair time (based on length of time between patients entering and exiting chairs). This is a descriptive study with convenience-based sample sizes. A random effects regression model was run for each task (pooled sample by country) to generate task mean and 95% confidence interval (CI) using appropriate distributions. IV vs SC process time per patient was calculated as the sum of the mean task times. Results The difference in mean active HCP time saved by switching from rituximab IV to rituximab SC ranged from 6.8 min in AU to 38.4 min in the UK (Table 1). The proportionate reduction in mean HCP time ranged from 27% in SP to 57% in RU. The mean time saved (% reduction) in the treatment room ranged from 0.3 min (2%) in SP to 25.4 min (63%) in the UK. Over the course of the first-year of treatment (6 induction and 3 maintenance sessions), the estimated reduction in total HCP time associated with the switch ranged from 0.9 hr in AU to 5.1 hr in the UK. The differences in mean chair time saved with SC over IV administration ranged from 126.1 min in SL (64%) to 280.1 min (86%) in IT. Simulating these findings for a hypothetical center treating 50 patients for 9 sessions annually indicated that the amount of chair time freed would range from 105.1 (SL) to 233.4 (IT) 8-hour days. Staff opportunity cost estimates will be presented at the conference. Conclusions The current analysis indicates that a switch from rituximab IV to rituximab SC leads to a substantial reduction in administration chair time and in active HCP time. These time savings could allow more time to be used for other patient care activities, increasing the number of patients who could be treated and thus increasing the overall efficiency of treatment centers. Disclosures: De Cock: F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Research Funding. Kritikou:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Research Funding. Tao:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Research Funding. Wiesner:Genentech: Employment. Off Label Use: Rituximab, administered as an IV infusion, is approved for use in a number of hematologic indications. The data presented here assess a subcutaneous approach to rituximab administration in patients with indolent Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

scholarly journals Employment Effects of the New German Minimum Wage: Evidence from Establishment-Level Microdata

ILR Review ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1070-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Bossler ◽  
Hans-Dieter Gerner
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Employment Effect ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
First Year ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Iab Establishment Panel

The authors present the first evidence on the consequences of the new statutory minimum wage in Germany, which was implemented on January 1, 2015. Using the IAB Establishment Panel, they identify employment effects from variation in the extent that establishments are affected by the minimum wage. A difference-in-differences estimation reveals an increase in average wages between 3.8% and 6.3% and an employment loss by approximately 1.7% in establishments affected by the minimum wage. These estimates imply a labor demand elasticity with respect to wages ranging between −0.2 and −0.4. The authors also observe a transitory reduction of the working hours in the first year after the introduction and that the employment effect seems mostly driven by a reduction in hires rather than by an increase in layoffs.

Police Incentives, Policy Spillovers, and the Enforcement of Drug Crimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. DeAngelo ◽  
R. Kaj Gittings ◽  
Amanda Ross
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Police Behavior ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Suggestive Evidence ◽  
Sheriff's Department ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe consider the impact of a low priority initiative adopted in specific jurisdictions within Los Angeles (LA) County on police behavior. Low priority initiatives instruct police to make the enforcement of low level marijuana possession offenses their “lowest priority.” Using detailed data from the LA County Sheriff’s Department, a difference-in-differences strategy suggests that the mandate resulted in fewer arrests for misdemeanor marijuana possession in adopting areas relative to non-adopting. However, the lower relative reduction in marijuana arrests appears to be driven by an increase in misdemeanor marijuana arrests in nearby areas not affected by the mandate rather than a reduction in adopting areas. We interpret this result as suggestive evidence of policy spillovers from the low priority initiative.

City CarShare: First-Year Travel Demand Impacts

2003 ◽  
Vol 1839 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cervero
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vehicle Miles Traveled ◽  
Car Sharing ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Travel Time Savings ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
Walking And Biking

Nine months into the introduction of car sharing in San Francisco, California, an estimated 7% of members' trips and more than 20% of vehicle miles traveled were by shared-use vehicles. Evidence suggests that access to shared cars is stimulating motorized travel. Most members do not own cars, and many appear to be leasing vehicles in lieu of walking and biking. Car-share vehicles are used more for personal business and social-recreational travel than for nondiscretionary, routine travel such as to work or school. Shared cars are generally not used during peak periods or to dense settings well served by transit, such as downtown. In this sense, car sharing appears to be stimulating a resourceful form of judicious automobility. Users are accruing substantial travel-time savings and willingly pay market prices for these benefits.

Changes in role perceptions by first-year dental students

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 507-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Rosen ◽  
M Marcus ◽  
N Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Dental Students ◽  
First Year ◽  
Role Perceptions
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