scholarly journals Birthdays, Schooling, and Crime: Regression-Discontinuity Analysis of School Performance, Delinquency, Dropout, and Crime Initiation

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Cook ◽  
Songman Kang
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Juvenile Delinquents ◽  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
Late Entry ◽  
High Crime

Dropouts have high crime rates, but is there a direct causal link? This study, utilizing administrative data for six cohorts of public school children in North Carolina, demonstrates that those born just after the cut date for enrolling in public kindergarten are more likely to drop out of high school before graduation and to commit a felony offense by age 19. We present suggestive evidence that dropout mediates criminal involvement. Paradoxically, these late-entry students outperform their grade peers academically while still in school, which helps account for the fact that they are less likely to become juvenile delinquents. (JEL H75, I21, J13, J24, K42)

Does context matter? Examining robbery reporting in a high crime country

2021 ◽  
pp. 174889582110313
Author(s):  
Wilson Hernández ◽  
Katrina R Heimark
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
The World ◽  
Victimization Rate ◽  
Global North ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Crime

Most empirical studies that examine why individuals report property crimes to the police have focused on Global North countries where crime rates are low. This study is situated in the most violent area of the world, Latin America, and examines Peru, which has the highest robbery victimization rate in the Americas. This article examines the applicability of theories of crime reporting in this Global South context using a large sample and multilevel modeling. We find that trust in the police has no impact on the reporting of the robbery of one’s cellphone, purse or wallet. The theories of rational choice and Black’s stratification of law provide strong explanations for the reporting of robbery of these personal items. Individuals of higher social status and those who reside in districts with low levels of social disadvantage are more likely to report, as well as those who have experienced violent victimization.

Social Skills training in an Infant School Setting

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Frosh ◽  
Maria Callias
Keyword(s):  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Juvenile Delinquents ◽  
Social Skills Training ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Infant School ◽  
Growing Body

In recent years, a growing body of research has established that children who have poor peer relationships are particularly at risk for the development of later psychiatric and antisocial disorders — for instance, they are more likely to drop out of school, be later identified as juvenile delinquents, and have mental health problems in adult life (Asher et al., 1977). Children who are picked out by their peers as isolated or rejected are particularly vulnerable (Cowen et al., 1973; Roff et al., 1972). This finding has led researchers to evaluate “popularity” by sociometric tests which involve asking children who their friends are and who they dislike. Such sociometric scores have been shown to have moderate reliability (Roff et al., 1972), but much depends on the type of question asked (Oden & Asher, 1977). In particular, it is clear that sociometric acceptance has different correlates from sociometric rejection, the former being more an index of amount of social participation (Combs & Slaby, 1977), the latter of its quality.

scholarly journals The identity of an underachiever student as an outcome of social relations

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikoleta Milosevic
Keyword(s):  
School Performance ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Juvenile Delinquents ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Performance Factors ◽  
Role Relationship ◽  
Student Views

The paper deals with various performance factors in underachiever students primarily juvenile delinquents who reported declining levels of achievement throughout the duration of corrective out-of-institution measures. This raises the question: Why is there a decline in school achievement of juvenile delinquents during the treatment which is essentially aimed at improving school performance. What causes this? In the search for an answer we considered various approaches for the determination of the identity of a juvenile delinquent, underaching at school. The author takes issue with traditional views on identity and changes the focus from an individual over to the interaction between an individual and society. It is argued that poor school performance should be placed in the context of social relations; the author suggests that problems faced by underachievers at school only accidentally stem from what they can or cannot do, rather, the root of the problem lies in the manner other people relate to them. It is necessary that a teacher should realize that students are social beings in behavioral experiments who have individualities and that their personal characteristics stem from their relations with other people. A teacher is expected to attempt to construct the manner in which a student views himself and the world around himself, that is, to enter a "role relationship" with him.

Crime and Architectural Style

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY S. BYNUM ◽  
DAN M. PURRI
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Reported Crime ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Official Crime

Historically, social scientists have argued that human behavior is, to a large degree, a response to environmental conditions. Recently, a group of criminologists have posited a direct relationship between certain environmental structures and reported crime rates. Studies exploring this area have pointed to the association between crme rates and highrise residences as support for their position. However, several serious weaknesses exist in this previous research. High-rise structures are generally either in high crime areas or are luxury apartments with guarded entrances. In addition, such research is generally based on official crime data. The present study investigates, through victimization techniques, the experiences of residents of several high- and low-rise structures in a traditionally low crime area: the college campus. In addition, measures of the respondent's sense of community were employed to address the self-policing hypothesis of the environmental design approach. Although causality cannot be inferred from the findings, a positive association was observed between high-rise areas and property crime rates. Furthermore, both of these variables were negatively associated with the respondents' sense of community.

The epidemiology of social phobia: findings from the Duke Epidemiological Catchment Area Study

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. T. Davidson ◽  
D. L. Hughes ◽  
L. K. George ◽  
D. G. Blazer
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Health Seeking Behaviour ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Long Time

SynopsisSocial phobia was studied in a North Carolina community, using DSM-III criteria. Two kinds of comparison were made: social phobia v. non-social phobia, and comorbid social phobia v. non-comorbid social phobia. Six-month and lifetime prevalence rates were 2·7 and 3·8% respectively. Social phobia had an early onset, lasted a long time and rarely recovered. Predictors of good outcome recovery in a logistic regression analysis were onset of phobia after age 11, absence of psychiatric comorbidity and greater education. The disorder was often missed in medical consultation. Increased rates of psychiatric comorbidity existed, especially for other anxiety disorders and for schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder. There was increased risk of neurological disorder. Social phobia was also associated with an increased rate of suicide attempts, antisocial behaviour and impaired school performance during adolescence, impaired medical health, increased health-seeking behaviour, poor employment performance, reduced social interaction and impaired social support. Comorbidity accounted for some, but not all observed differences.

Funding Liquidity Risk and the Dynamics of Hedge Fund Lockups

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Adam L. Aiken ◽  
Christopher P. Clifford ◽  
Jesse A. Ellis ◽  
Qiping Huang
Keyword(s):  
Hedge Funds ◽  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Hedge Fund ◽  
Liquidity Risk ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Design ◽  
Control Variables ◽  
Funding Liquidity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Funding Risk

Abstract We exploit the expiring nature of hedge fund lockups to create a new measure of funding liquidity risk that varies within funds. We find that hedge funds with lower funding risk generate higher returns, and this effect is driven by their increased exposure to equity-mispricing anomalies. Our results are robust to a variety of sampling criteria, variable definitions, and control variables. Further, we address endogeneity concerns in various ways, including a placebo approach and regression discontinuity design. Collectively, our results support a causal link between funding risk and the ability of managers to engage in risky arbitrage.

The Country'S Crime Rate Moderates the Relation between Authoritarian Predispositions and the Manifestations of Authoritarianism: A Multilevel, Multinational Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Roccato ◽  
Alessio Vieno ◽  
Silvia Russo
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
European Association ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
European Values Survey ◽  
European Values ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Racial Intolerance

We performed a multilevel, multinational test of Stenner's model on authoritarianism using the 2008 European Values Survey dataset (N = 55 199, nested in 38 nations). We focussed on the effects exerted on four authoritarian manifestations (racial intolerance, political intolerance, negative attitudes towards immigrants, and moral intolerance) by the cross–level interaction between participants’ authoritarian predispositions (assessed in terms of childrearing values) and their country's crime rate. Associations between authoritarian predispositions and racial intolerance, political intolerance, negative attitudes towards immigrants, and moral intolerance were significantly stronger among participants living in countries characterised by high crime rates than those among participants living in countries with low crime rates. Limitations, implications, and future directions of this study are discussed. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.

Inequality is set to rise in coming years in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
The World ◽  
High Crime

Subject Drivers of income inequality. Significance Brazil is one of the most unequal societies in the world, with the wealthiest 0.1% of the population holding a larger share of income than the poorest 50.0%, While extreme poverty was significantly reduced earlier this century, structural inequality has persisted -- and is once again on the rise. Impacts Worsening inequality may boost high crime rates, in turn increasing voter support for far-right candidates. The need to cut spending may increase unemployment and reverse successes in reducing poverty. Limits on public investment will militate against higher private investment and competitivity gains.

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